In the mid-20th century, American illustration witnessed an explosion in lush, impressionistic pencil drawing. Assignments that would previously have been completed in paint or ink were now handled in pencil or charcoal by a remarkable group of illustrators who worked with a sensitive, expressive line. These included the great Carl Erickson (known as "Eric"): Austin Briggs: Note the broad variety of lines in this simple drawing Briggs employs a slender outline for the figure,contrasted with a thick, vigorous crayon for the folds. Rene Bouche: Bernie Fuchs:  Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas and Bob Peak: Peak also did the portrait of James Cagney, above In previous generations, the printing process could not pick up such subtleties, so talented illustrators who worked in pencil (such as F.R. Gruger or Arthur William Brown) were unable to take drawing to such extremes. In the 1930s we begin to see experimental illustrators such as Al Parker basing illustrations on delicate pencil work: ...and within a few decades become quite comfortable with pencil's more aggressive applications: Graphite and wash Detail Famed art director Otto Storch became concerned that some of Bernie Fuchs' delicate lines were too light to reproduce, so he called Fuchs and asked him to darken them. Fuchs was adamant about the effect he wanted, and refused. Storch thought for a moment and asked, "Well, would you at least be willing to wear a heavier watch?" We like to believe that changes in the arts result from developments in the human mind or spirit. But sometimes changes are prompted by something as simple as a mechanical invention. For example, the invention of the piano helped inspire the Romantic Era in music. Before the piano, composers wrote for the harpsichord which made clipped, succinct sounds. The piano suddenly gave composers new expressive power; they could create long, sustaining notes, deeper resonance, greater control over subtle nuances and a broader range of sounds. Enthralled by their new capability, composers such as Beethoven and Chopin began writing music that was more lush and emotional. The improvement in printing gave 20th century illustrators the gift of more expressive power, and in the drawings above we witness their delight over their new gift. For the first time, illustrators could capture delicate gestures and a wider variety of lines. It did not take them long to bring out the full symphony of effects from a pencil.