Contexto Answer 585, April 25 | All Contexto Solution History

Alëute. 2. Kolosche. 3. 4. Eskimo (Frau und Mann). 5. Kowitschin (Vancouver). 6. Krähenindianer. 7. Blackfeed-Indianer. 8. Odschibwä. 9. 10. Pah Utha (Mann und Frau). 11. Schoschone. 12. Dakota. 13. Pahni. 14. Mandaner. 15. Apatsche. 16. Pueblo. 17. Mexikanischer Indianer. 18. Maypure vom Orinoko. 19. Omagua aus Westbrasilien. 20. 21. Botokuden (Mann und Frau). 22. 23. Tikuna (Mann und Frau). 24. Miranha (Frau). 25. Peruaner vom Cerro de Pasco. 26. Peruanischer Kreole von Chiloe. 27. Quichua. 28. Abiponer. 29. Moxos-Indianer aus Bolivia. 30. Pehueltsche. 31. Patagonier. 32. Araukaner. 33. Feuerländer (Peschäräh). www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=100662 --------------- s0474 Amerikanische Völker 2659 MeyA4B1 Meyers Jahr 1885 Konversations-Lexikon Erster Band Amerikanische Völker Chromolithographie Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. Eine Encyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens. 3., gänzlich umgearbeitete Auflage. 15 Bände. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1874–1878; Ergänzungen und Register. Band 16. 1878; 5 Jahres-Supplemente. Bände 17–21. 1880–1884; Schlüssel 1880. ---------------------------------------------------

The history of the Kingdom of Thailand during World War II is not a popular or widely-known subject and, yet, it was a critical period in the story of the Thai nation and, though many miss it, the Thai monarchy in particular. Relatively few people are aware that it was the war-time regime that changed the name of the country from Siam to Thailand, that it came at a time of great upheaval and trepidation for the Thai monarchy with some wondering whether the revered institution would survive at all. Relatively few people are aware that the Kingdom of Thailand, the “Land of Smiles” was a member of the Axis, albeit a minor one, going to war with the Allies and even having its own period of wartime expansion at the expense of Laos, Cambodia, Burma and Malaysia. One thing that can be noticed (and which very long-time readers here might just recall) is that monarchies were well-represented among the Axis powers, or at least seemed to be. There was Italy, Japan, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Manchuria, Thailand and so on. Yet, the numbers alone can be misleading. In Italy, everyone knew it was Mussolini and not the King who ruled the country. The Emperor of Japan tried to keep his distance from politics, Hungary was a monarchy in name only, with no monarch, the King of Romania supported the Allies, the King of Bulgaria tried to stay out of the conflict and the designated King of Croatia never set foot in the country. Likewise, with Thailand, the King was absent during this period and would certainly not have held much power had he been present. Prajadhipok signs the first constitution In order to understand the situation of Thailand in World War II, we must go back to 1932. Mussolini was already in power in Rome but Hitler had yet to assume office in Germany. The year before Japanese forces had occupied Manchuria after the famous “Mukden Incident” and in Siam, as it was known at the time, there was a coup. That alone would not be seen as very remarkable as, in the recent history of Thailand, the country has become rather known for having a coup every now and then, and usually handling them quite well compared to most other countries that have them. However, the 1932 coup in Siam was different, it was not just a coup against the government but against the monarchy; specifically, King Prajadhipok. It was led by a clique of civilian and military elites who called themselves the “People’s Party”. They were backed by a movement of people, many young and western educated people, who looked with admiration on the French and Russian Revolutions. The coup, thankfully, did not go as far as either of those horrors but it did give Siam a constitution and bring to an end about seven hundred years of absolute monarchy. King Prajadhipok, who had instituted reforms himself as soon as he came to the throne, was simply informed after the fact that a coup had taken place and he was obliged to decree the new constitution. Distressed and fearful of the personal safety of himself and his wife, within a few years he abdicated and left the country, worried that Siam was not ready for democracy. Not a few would argue that subsequent events might have proven the King correct. There was a failed royalist counter-coup in 1933 and the fallout from that probably helped persuade the King to abdicate and leave the country in 1935. He would die in exile in England in 1941 (soon to be, officially, “enemy” soil) and was succeeded by his nephew King Ananda Mahidol, who was only nine years old. The young King of Siam was to have a troubled and tragically short life. His parents were traveling, studying and living abroad when he was born in Germany (his younger brother, the current King, was born in the United States). His father died when he was only four and, in fear of his safety, his grandmother suggested that he not return home after the 1932 coup that stripped the monarchy of its power. As such, the prince spent most of his earliest years in Switzerland. According to the new constitution, it was up to the cabinet to choose a successor to the throne when King Prajadhipok abdicated and it was they who chose Ananda Mahidol to be king, Rama VIII. Siam had, of course, not really become democratic at all but was being ruled by a select group of elites with military backing and they realized that having a child monarch who was living and studying in another continent would be no threat to their continued hold on power. King Ananda Mahidol With their former King living in England and their current King living in Switzerland, Siam was effectively a monarchy without a monarch. With royal absolutism having been cast aside, power in the country was up for grabs and the man who ultimately grabbed it was Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram (Phibun). He came to power in 1938, the first year that King Ananda Mahidol, at age thirteen, actually visited his country (along with his younger brother Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej), and quickly consolidated his power as leader of the government and commander of the army. King Vajiravudh had, in his time, promoted the cause of Siamese nationalism but when Phibun did the same, combining it with a cult of personality centered on himself, it seemed to take on “fascist” overtones in the eyes of most observers. His portrait was seen everywhere, portraits of the former King Prajadhipok were banned and in 1939 he changed the name of the Kingdom of Siam to the Kingdom of Thailand. Phibun ran what was, effectively, a military dictatorship and, indeed, since the 1932 coup the Thai military has been known as much for its role in politics as in national defense. The Phibun regime also began a noticeably more pro-Japanese and anti-Chinese foreign policy. Phibun was also increasingly antagonistic with the western powers while at the same time pushing his own people to adopt more western habits such as wearing western clothes and using silverware. When World War II broke out in Europe and France came under German attack, Phibun saw an opportunity for Thai expansion. Fighting broke out on the border between French Indochina and Thailand in October of 1940 and in January of 1941 Phibun launched a full-scale invasion of Laos and Cambodia. The French colonial army was outmatched and fared poorly. Most of Laos was overrun relatively quickly and though more resistance was offered in Cambodia, the French only won a single significant victory in the Franco-Thai War before the Empire of Japan intervened and brought both sides together for peace talks in Saigon. Japan backed Thailand and as Germany backed Japan the French had little choice but to concede to most Thai demands. Border territories in southern Laos and northwest Cambodia were ceded to Thailand and soon the Vichy French regime was obliged to allow Japan to occupy Indochina. However, many Thais were more concerned than pleased over the expansion of their country. The war had earned the Phibun regime the enmity of Britain and France and left Thailand with no leverage against Japan. Phibun tried to win over the British and Americans but it was to no avail given all that had happened and the increasing Japanese military build-up in the region. Marshal Phibun At the end of 1941 the Empire of Japan launched its massive offensive throughout the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Japanese forces invaded Thailand but after only a few hours of fighting Phibun ordered a halt to all resistance and agreed to allow Japan to occupy Thailand in order to carry out military operations against the British in Burma and Malaysia. A military alliance was signed between the Kingdom of Thailand and the Empire of Japan, giving Japan full access to Thai military bases, road, rail and communication networks. Thailand had chosen its side and, in the wake of that initial Japanese offensive, it must have seemed that Phibun had picked a winner. Japan duly rewarded Thailand with border territory from Burma and the addition of four provinces in the south from Malaysia. In early 1942 the Thai government officially declared war on the Allied nations. Britain responded by declaring war in return while the American government responded to the news that Thailand had declared war on the United States by basically laughing, saying, “that’s cute” and ignoring them. Actually, the internal political divisions of Thailand allowed the Allies to respond differently. The Thai ambassador in Washington DC, an aristocrat who disapproved of the Phibun regime’s alliance with Japan, refused to deliver the declaration of war and the United States refused to recognized the actions of the Phibun government as legitimate. The regent for King Ananda Mahidol had not signed the declaration of war and so, lacking royal approval, the American government considered it invalid. A “Free Thai” movement (Seri Thai) was formed to coordinate underground resistance to the Japanese. The Thai embassy in Japan actually supplied information to the American OSS (fore-runner of the CIA) and though Britain had declared war on Thailand, the British also worked with Thai exiles that opposed the Japanese occupation of their homeland. The widow of King Prajadhipok, Queen Rambai Barni, in England became a leading member of the Free Thai Movement. The internal opposition to the Phibun regime steadily increased as the glow of the initial Japanese victories dissipated and the effects of the war began to set in. There was only one major market for exports, only one source of imports (Japan in both cases), the economy went into nosedive and Allied aircraft were soon bombing Bangkok. Those in the underground at least also knew what the war situation was, that the Allies were pushing forward and nowhere were the Japanese able to stop their steady advance. The King in 1938 In late 1942 there was actually a small skirmish between Thai villagers and Japanese troops. Japan dispatched a new commander for the garrison in Thailand and began making an effort to improve relations but, of course, as the war situation worsened for Japan this became increasingly difficult. The Empire of Japan had established the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” as the framework for what they expected a post-war Asia to look like after a Japanese victory and it became the centerpiece of the Japanese justification for the conflict, the realization of their goal to destroy colonialism and eradicate the White race in Asian lands. However, as conditions became worse for Japan, tensions arose between the government, which wanted to foster pan-Asian unity, and the military which wanted Japan and the Japanese war effort to have priority. The government did not want to squeeze occupied lands too much and risk creating an anti-Japanese backlash, however, many in the military not unjustly reasoned that Japan was the one actually fighting the war and so the needs of Japan should come before all else. In Thailand, Phibun began to realize that he was bound to a country that was certain to lose and relations between his government and Japan began to cool as the war dragged on. At the same time, Phibun tried to win Allied good will by such actions as releasing Chinese prisoners being held in Thailand. It was to no avail as in 1944 the National Assembly removed Phibun from power, taking their example from the removal of Mussolini the previous year. The next prime minister pledged public support for Japan but in private backed the Free Thai Movement. Free Thai forces made plans and preparations for a massive uprising against the Japanese in 1945 but the atomic bombings and subsequent unconditional surrender of Japan prevented this. British-Indian troops moved in to occupy Thailand and take the surrender of Japanese forces in the country and Thailand was forced to return the territory they had gained by allying with Japan. Phibun was arrested and, under pressure from the Allies, put on trial for collaboration with the Axis powers. However, he was acquitted and in 1948, following another coup, actually became prime minister again, renewing his anti-Chinese campaign which was much more popular with the Allies that it had been before. Overall, there was some division over how to deal with Thailand since, while Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand etc had declared war on the country, the United States had not and while the British and Commonwealth countries wanted punishing terms on Thailand, the United States opposed these. As such, America made no demands on Thailand while the kingdom had to negotiate separate peace treaties with the U.K. and Australia, including reparations (in the form of rice shipments) to Malaysia. King Ananda Mahidol Finally, in December of 1945 the young King Ananda Mahidol was able to visit his country again and was soon back to stay. He was immediately hugely popular, being untainted by involvement in the war and as such could be a focus for unity for both the pro-Japanese and pro-Allied factions. He made a major impact in calming ethnic tensions by visiting the Chinese section of Bangkok as during the Phibun regime and Japanese occupation the Chinese minority in Thailand had been singled out for exclusion and vilification. However, the reign of the beloved young king was not to last long as the following year he was found dead with a gunshot wound in the palace. Officially the cause of death was announced as accidental suicide but mystery and speculation about the death of King Ananda Mahidol rose up quickly and has never completely gone away. He was succeeded on the throne by his younger brother, King Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great, who went on to become one of the most revered and beloved monarchs in all of Thai history. Later, after the next coup by Phibun, a Thai court ruled that the late King had been assassinated though those accused of the crime were not found guilty and no one has ever been punished for the supposed crime. The only survivor of the event is the current King who has always held to his opinion that it was simply a tragic accident. World War II was a critical period for Thailand. The power of the monarchy had been shaken by the 1932 coup, a king had abdicated and left the country in fear of his life. Siam, soon to be Thailand, rushed to become like other countries but the result was a military dictatorship followed by a succession of governments dominated by political in-fighting and one coup after another, a cycle which still continues today. Thailand has never known the sort of order that existed before 1932 to date. Phibun gained no small amount of popularity for his actions during the war and expanding the territory of Thailand. Given some of his actions, a few historians have speculated that he might have done away with the monarchy had events unfolded differently. As it was, Thailand suffered considerably from the war but still emerged better off than most would have expected. Despite being an enemy of the victorious Allies, Thailand was not harshly punished, its leaders were not prosecuted and it maintained its independence. The arrival of the handsome, young King after the war was like a savior returning to his people. The hardships of military rule as well as the chaos and often criminality of the civilian regimes inadvertently worked together to make the monarchy more revered and even more politically critical than anyone around in 1932 would have thought possible. Even while Thailand remains a constitutional monarchy, the King has been able to wield considerably more influence than any other national leader because he alone is regarded as being concerned with Thailand as a whole rather than himself or a particular faction. Thailand entered World War II with the monarchy at its lowest point but it ultimately emerged from the conflict and post-war chaos as strong as it had ever been.

A stunning visual celebration of the world's key historical events, key moments, defining eras and outstanding people who have helped shape history like never before. If you could travel back in time, where would you go first? Who would you most want to meet? What pivotal moment in history would you most like to experience? This awe-inspiring history book may be able to help you answer those questions and more! Introducing Timelines of World History - a visual and informative celebration of the most exciting and influential moments in history and a look back at some of the most pivotal moments and people who have defined history over the years. From the origins of the first humans to the political turmoil of the 21st century, this all-encompassing history book brings the key milestones of world history vividly to life, explaining each of them through contemporary artworks, photographs, documents, maps, and artefacts. So prepare to dive deep into the pages of past, which promises: -Explains events visually, showing what happened through striking, image-led timelines -Paintings, photographs, maps, and artefacts to tell the story of key historical milestones -Feature spreads showcase key turning points in history within wider social and historical context -Accessible approach to key events in world history - laid out episode by episode Illustrated with striking image-led timelines, this historical encyclopaedia is a wonderful way to explore and understand the diversity of world history, from prehistoric times to the present day. With each page jam-packed with riveting facts and iconic artefacts, Timelines of World History brings together the best bits of history and defining eras to recreate the entire history of the world. A must-have volume for history enthusiasts who want to see the past come to life, including students of history and politics, as well as a gift or self-purchase for those seeking an inspiring window into history, this all-encompassing history fact-book truly does have something for everyone to love. DK is ready to take you on an inspiring journey into the past and beyond. Are you coming with us?

39 Multiple-Choice Questions to go with the 3rd episode of History 101, an engaging and fast-paced Netflix series! Episode 3 examines how China has transformed itself twice since World War II, first into a communist nation under Mao Zedong, and then into an economic powerhouse implanting a variety of capitalist tactics even as the Chinese Communist Party continues in power as an autocratic government. Major topics covered include World War II, Mao Zedong, the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping, Special Economic Zones, the Tiananmen Square Massacre, counterfeit goods, import/export imbalances, the financial crash of 2008, and the projection that China may soon become the world’s number one economic power. DISTANCE LEARNING OPTION INCLUDED -- You can easily assign students to complete the worksheet online! Just look for the link to use online, right here on the product page! About the episode that goes with this History 101 Worksheet The episode lasts about 22 minutes and is appropriate for use in world history, U.S. history and Asian studies classes as well as courses that deal with economics, business, or international relations. The episode is summarized on the Netflix website as follows: “In the 21st century, China has become a global economic powerhouse. Why was the rest of the world so slow to notice its rise to the top?” A Great Addition to a Variety of Classes You can use History 101 in a lot of different types of classes, and this episode is no exception! U.S. History: Analyze U.S. / China policies during the Mao years, and contrast these with the policies advocated by Nixon and Clinton. World History and Asian Studies: Examine the transformation of China into a communist state and its re-emergence as an economic power once the Chinese Communist Party adopted largely capitalist principles. ALSO: Analyze how increased economic freedom led Chinese citizens to desire more political freedom also, and how the government repressed protests for democracy in the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Business and Economics: Contrast conditions in China under communism and "state-led socialism," which is similar in practice to capitalism. Where to Find the Episode Online History 101: Episode 3 -- The Rise of China is currently available online at Netflix. Since the series is a Netflix production, it seems likely that it will remain on the service for many years to come. Episode 3 lasts about 22 minutes. About This History 101 Worksheet This packet includes several resources to help you use the episode with your students: 39 multiple-choice questions presented in video order so students can work along with the episode if you wish. Pre-made shorter versions of the main worksheet, so you can easily differentiate as needed. These shorter worksheet also allow you to have both a viewing worksheet *and* a test on the episode if you like -- each with different questions! Several answer keys to meet your needs, including one designed for super-fast grading and another intended to help you conduct class discussions and clarify details for students. Optional time stamps provided for every question! A TpT Digital Activity is included so students can do their work online. Since the video itself is also online, this can provide a complete distance learning lesson! Teacher Convenience Features In These History 101 Worksheets I’m a teacher too, so I’m always looking for ways to become more efficient so I can get it all done and still have an enjoyable work-life balance! To that end, I’ve built several handy features into these History 101 Worksheet Activities. Optional time stamps for the multiple-choice worksheet. As you page through this packet, first you will find the questions presented with time stamps. Immediately after that you will see the same questions presented without time stamps. Two separate differentiated versions of the worksheets included -- these have fewer questions than the main worksheet. Answer key and student answer sheet for fast grading: Just line up dozens of papers with the key and correct them all in a batch, greatly speeding the process up! Answer key with answers given in context help you conduct class discussions about the worksheet problems and the episode contents. Several options and ideas / lesson plans for how to use the worksheets. Lots of instructional choices to select from so they suit your pacing and teaching style! Episode Rating Information History 101 is rated TV-14. Ideas for Using This History 101 Episode 3 Worksheet Your full download will include a full page of teaching ideas for different ways in which you can use the question set, so you can really mix things up in class! It's not always a case of "watch the video, answer the questions." I give you several different ways to approach the lesson! LOOKING TO SAVE MONEY WITH A NETFLIX HISTORY 101 WORKSHEET BUNDLE? My worksheet bundle includes a PDF for each episode, a distance learning worksheet for each episode, and a special bonus of Examview and Blackboard format worksheets for each episode, to give you even more ways to use the resource in a distance learning environment! History 101 Worksheet Bundle: Entire Series Bundle LOOKING FOR MORE NETFLIX HISTORY 101 WORKSHEETS? Check out the ones below for multiple-choice worksheets with questions in video order, complete with a time stamp option for every question as well as easy differentiation and and include distance learning worksheet! Netflix History 101 Episode 1 Worksheet: Fast Food Netflix History 101 Episode 2 Worksheet: Space Race Netflix History 101 Episode 3 Worksheet: The Rise of China Netflix History 101 Episode 4 Worksheet: Plastics Netflix History 101 Episode 5 Worksheet: Oil and the Middle East Netflix History 101 Episode 6 Worksheet: Robots Netflix History 101 Episode 7 Worksheet: Feminism Netflix History 101 Episode 8 Worksheet: Nuclear Power Netflix History 101 Episode 9 Worksheet: AIDS Netflix History 101 Episode 10 Worksheet: Genetics Happy teaching, Elise Parker TpT https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Elise-Parker-Tpt

Novak Djokovic born on May 22, 1987 is a Serbian tennis player who was one of the most significant men’s players in the history of the game

LifeVol. 18, No. 21Previous Issue: Vol. 18, No. 20Next Issue: Vol. 18, No. 22

Social Studies Concepts and History Concepts explained and demonstrated for History, Government, Economics, Global Connections and Geography

In the Scopes Monkey Trial, we see the collision of the Darwinian theory and the aftermath of revivalistic Fundamentalism.

Why is history like a fruit cake?

22 Odd pieces of history that were left out of the textbooks.

This telegram informs the family that Charles was Killed in Action on 22nd March 1918, the second day of the German Spring Offensive. The main thrust of the German advance was in the area south of Saint Quentin, where the allied defences were at their weakest, and it was here that Charles' regiment was stationed and working as a dismounted unit in support of the infantry. The German attack began on March 21st and resulted in heavy casualties; on the 22nd the Regimental War Diary records that the 20th Hussars retreated across the Crozat Canal, marched to Faillouel, then to sand-pits between there and Jussy, which the Germens entered later in the day. There is no mention of any action that day by the 20th Hussars but the casualty list records three Other Ranks KIA, one of whom must have been Charles Ringham.

Enjoy the best Vladimir Lenin Quotes at BrainyQuote. Quotations by Vladimir Lenin, Russian Leader, Born April 22, 1870. Share with your friends.