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The temple of Hathor was built in the Ptolemaic period and for the Egyptians it represented the east, although in reality the monument is oriented to the north. It is located in the old Dendera, more precisely 70 km north of Luxor. The temple of Hathor was erected in 125 BC during the reign of …

Ceiling at Dendera Temple 2

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Ceiling at Dendera Temple 5

Monumental Gate of the Sanctuary of Hathor at Iunet (Dendera), detail of the lintel: from left to right, Ihy, Harsomptus, the Hathor-head, Harsomptus (serpent-headed), and Horus son of Isis; below,…

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grandegyptianmuseum: “Relief depicting the fertility god Banebdjedet, lord of Mendes, in the form of a four-headed ram. Temple of Hathor at Dendera. ”

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The ceiling of the Hathor Temple has recently been cleaned in a careful way that removed hundreds of years of black soot without harming the ancient paint underneath. As a result of this cleaning, spectacular ceiling painting has been exposed in the main hall, and some of the most vibrant and colourful paintings dating from antiquity are now visible.

Relief panel from the impressive mammisi at Dendera dating mainly to the Roman period, these scenes depicting Emperor Trajan in Egyptian guise making offerings to Hathor. Much of the rich external carving was never finished, but on the south side it is fairly complete and in good condition (aside from the defaced Bes figures above the capitals). The Temple of Hathor at Dendera is one of Egypt's best preserved and most beautiful ancient shrines. This magnificent edifice dates to the Ptolemaic period, late in Egyptian history, though the site long had been the cult centre for the goddess Hathor for centuries before (the earliest extant remains date to c360BC but a temple is recorded here as far back as c2250BC). Most of the main building dates to the reigns of the last Cleopatras and further decoration and building work within the complex continued in the Roman period up to the reign of Trajan. The dominant structure in the complex is the Temple of Hathor, an enormous structure with a rectangular facade punctuated by the Hathor-headed columns of the hypostyle hall within. This hall is an architectural wonder, a masterpiece of ancient Egyptian design and decoration, which covers every surface and has been recently cleaned, revealing a superb astrological ceiling in all its original vibrant colours. Sadly there was much iconoclasm here during the early Christian period and most of the reliefs of the walls and pillars have been defaced. Worse still is the damage to the 24 Hathor-head capitals: not one of the nearly a hundred huge faces of the goddess that once smiled down on this hall has been left unblemished, most with their features cruelly chiselled away. The main temple building is otherwise structurally intact, and extends into further halls and chapels beyond, again with much relief decoration (much of which is again defaced). In one corner is an entrance to a crypt below, an unusual feature in Egyptian temple architecture consisting of several narrow passages adorned with carved relief decoration in good condition. There are further sanctuaries and chapels above on the roof of the temple, accessed by a decorated staircase and including the room where the famous Dendera Zodiac was formerly located (today its place in the ceiling taken by a cast of the original, now displayed in Paris). The highest part of the roof complex is no longer accessible to tourists, but I can still recall making the ascent there on our first visit in 1992. Several other buildings surround the main temple, the most impressive of which is the mammisi or 'birth-house'. This consists of a large rectangluar hall surrounded by a colonnade near the entrance to the site and has some well preserved relief decoration on its exterior. Most of this structure dates to the Roman period, but the ruins of its predecessor built under Nectanebo II (Egypt's last native pharoah) stand nearby. Dendera temple is one of the most rewarding in Egypt and shouldn't be missed. It is one of the most complete and evocative ancient monuments in the country and its recent restoration has revealed a surprisingly extensive amount of colour surviving within (we were amazed by the dramatic contrast with the soot-blackened ceiling we'd beheld on our previous visit in the 1990s). Despite its relative youth (in Egyptian terms at least!) it is easily one of my favourite sites in Egypt. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex

The ceiling of the Hypostyle Hall at Dendera Temple is enriched with an incredible amount of figurative detail carved in low relief and painted in subtle shades against a blue background. The subjects include numerous deities and hybrid figures (some familiar, others much less so) and even astrological elements, such as recognisable figures from the zodiac. Over the centuries the ceiling had become so darkened by dirt and soot to become heavily obscured and hard to read, and this is how I saw it for the first time in the 1990s, when many visitors probably missed it altogether. Now it has been fully cleaned and restored it shines again not only as one of the glories of the temple but one of the most remarkable surviving decorative schemes of ancient Egypt. The contrast with its previous blackened, unrestored condition is dramatic, giving an entirely different impression from our previous visit. The Temple of Hathor at Dendera is one of Egypt's best preserved and most beautiful ancient shrines. This magnificent edifice dates to the Ptolemaic period, late in Egyptian history, though the site long had been the cult centre for the goddess Hathor for centuries before (the earliest extant remains date to c360BC but a temple is recorded here as far back as c2250BC). Most of the main building dates to the reigns of the last Cleopatras and further decoration and building work within the complex continued in the Roman period up to the reign of Trajan. The dominant structure in the complex is the Temple of Hathor, an enormous structure with a rectangular facade punctuated by the Hathor-headed columns of the hypostyle hall within. This hall is an architectural wonder, a masterpiece of ancient Egyptian design and decoration, which covers every surface and has been recently cleaned, revealing a superb astrological ceiling in all its original vibrant colours. Sadly there was much iconoclasm here during the early Christian period and most of the reliefs of the walls and pillars have been defaced. Worse still is the damage to the 24 Hathor-head capitals: not one of the nearly a hundred huge faces of the goddess that once smiled down on this hall has been left unblemished, most with their features cruelly chiselled away. The main temple building is otherwise structurally intact, and extends into further halls and chapels beyond, again with much relief decoration (much of which is again defaced). In one corner is an entrance to a crypt below, an unusual feature in Egyptian temple architecture consisting of several narrow passages adorned with carved relief decoration in good condition. There are further sanctuaries and chapels above on the roof of the temple, accessed by a decorated staircase and including the room where the famous Dendera Zodiac was formerly located (today its place in the ceiling taken by a cast of the original, now displayed in Paris). The highest part of the roof complex is no longer accessible to tourists, but I can still recall making the ascent there on our first visit in 1992. Several other buildings surround the main temple, the most impressive of which is the mammisi or 'birth-house'. This consists of a large rectangluar hall surrounded by a colonnade near the entrance to the site and has some well preserved relief decoration on its exterior. Most of this structure dates to the Roman period, but the ruins of its predecessor built under Nectanebo II (Egypt's last native pharoah) stand nearby. Dendera temple is one of the most rewarding in Egypt and shouldn't be missed. It is one of the most complete and evocative ancient monuments in the country and its recent restoration has revealed a surprisingly extensive amount of colour surviving within (we were amazed by the dramatic contrast with the soot-blackened ceiling we'd beheld on our previous visit in the 1990s). Despite its relative youth (in Egyptian terms at least!) it is easily one of my favourite sites in Egypt. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex

Dendera temple, the Roman mammisi: emperor Trajan offering (3rd screenwall panel from south = right)

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[EGYPT 29528] 'Birth of the sun in Hathor Temple at Dendera.' The rising sun is born from the lap of sky goddess Nut on the astronomical ceiling in the outer hypostyle hall of the Hathor Temple at Dendera. The ceiling consists of seven separate strips but here we are looking at a detail of the EASTERNMOST STRIP. The entire strip is enveloped by the outstretched body of the sky goddess Nut and her feet are visible in the right lower corner of this picture. The wave pattern on Nut's dress symbolizes the cosmic river on which the sun traveled during the night. The rays of the rising sun touch the head of the goddess Hathor which is located on top of a simplified image of a temple. The scene portrays the first day of the Egyptian New Year on which a statue of Hathor, brought from a crypt in the temple and placed on its roof, was rejuvenated by the first rays of the New Year sun. A similar scene can be found on the ceiling of the Wabet (see picture 29610). To the right of the sun rays we see Cancer, one of the six zodiac signs that are represented in this ceiling strip. These signs are of Babylonic-Greek origin and are not found in Egypt before it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. To the left of the sun we see (upside down) a small boat carrying a lotus flower from which emerges a snake. The snake is a symbol for the rising sun on the first day of the New Year, the lotus flower being the first object that appeared on the primordial sea on the first day of the world creation. It is similar to the famous image of the sun-snake in a cosmos-bulb which is found in the southern crypt of the temple (see pictures 29604-607). For an overview of this ceiling strip see picture 29526. This part of the Dendera Temple was built during the Roman period (first century AD). Photo Mick Palarczyk.

The Dendera Zodiac is the name given to an interesting bas-relief found on the ceiling of a chapel in the Temple of Hathor, which is part of the Dendera Temple complex in Upper Egypt. This famous bas-relief is notable for its depiction of the constellations, which include the signs of the zodiac. Most of these signs would be easily recognized by a modern-day observer, as they are depicted almost as they are today.

[EGYPT 29551] 'Goddess supporting the sky at Dendera.' A goddess is supporting the sky with raised arms on the astronomical ceiling in the outer hypostyle hall of the Hathor Temple at Dendera. A winged sun disk hovers above it. The ceiling consists of seven separate strips but here we are looking at the southern end of the lower register of the SECOND STRIP EAST from centre. The goddess is one of the four goddesses of the cardinal points of the compass who support the heavens. This one is associated with the south or, as the caption states, with the position of the sun during noon. She is appropriately accompanied by the south wind in the upper register (seen upside down here): a ram-headed creature with double outstretched wings, holding a little sail and the 'ankh' sign of life. A caption near the head of the wind figure proclaims him to be "the good wind from the south". Wind creatures such as these only appear in Egyptian monuments of the Greek-Roman period (see also picture 29550). For an overview of this ceiling strip see picture 29539. This part of the Dendera Temple was built during theRoman period (first century AD). Photo Paul Smit.

Templo de Hathor en Dendera. Jeroglificos.

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