Introduction One man's signal is another man's noise Noise is inherent to electronic circuits and shows itself as irregular, seemingly random, voltage fluctuations superimposed on the signal voltages in the circuit. Where current is flowing, noise is present. Noise is composed of harmonics that

Circuit diagram electronic timer switch project uses CD4060 binary counter the binary counter has 10 outputs and the counter are counted by configuring...

Introduction Suppose you want to switch on and off a relais, LED or a small electric motor controlled by an electronic circuit or a microcontroller. The microcontroller outputs nowadays can often sink or source enough current to directly drive a LED. But when you want to switch a relais or a small

Transistor basics Transistor as a buffer

Introduction A whole range of TTL and ECL chips are made solely of bipolar junction transistors (BJT). Also a lot of OPAMPs are designed using either BJTs transistors or a combination of JFETs (junction gate field effect transistor) especially in the input stage and BJTs for current mirrors and

One of the methods to sense a current is using a sense resistor to convert the current into a voltage and then using this voltage to change the bias of a emitter-degenerated current mirror. Doing so, the current in the current mirror becomes directly proportional to the sensed current. This method

OPAMP basics OPAMPs made easy OPAMP single supply behavior OPAMP What's inside ?

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This list contains the essential tools required for electronics hobbyists to work on their electronics experiments and projects.

Introduction Most OPAMPs work best when powered with a symmetrical power supply having an equal positive and a negative voltage. Depending on the type of OPAMP, the output is either able to reach all the way the negative or positive supply rail or not. When the output is not able to reach the

Introduction What is a constant voltage source ? Before we dive into what constant current sources are, we should start with explaining what a constant voltage source is. Constant voltage sources are more common, because we use them all the time in the form of batteries or power supplies.

Introduction For infomation about negative impedance converts (NIC), see NIC (Negative Impedance Converter) Help, i need a huge inductor, but i don't have the space for it on the PCB. Besides that, where to find inductors of 1, 10 Henry or even 100 Henry ? If you are in that situation, then a

Introduction In the picture below, the simplified internal diagram of a common bipolar OPAMP (based on BJT = bipolar junction transistors) is shown. The real internal circuit of an OPAMP is overwhelming and has a lot more transistors, MOSFFETs or JFETs on board. With the simplified diagram we

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NPN buffer for analog signals (single supply) A NPN or PNP transistor in the common collector (emitter follower) configuration is generally used as a voltage buffer because of the high input impedance and low output impedance of this configuration. The high input impedance is necessary so the

How to Build a Power Supply for Electronics Hobby: This power supply can be used by electronics hobbyists. Materials: PC Power Supply with Cord 3/8" MDF Wood On/Off Switch From Old Computer 1 Red LED 1 Green LED 6 Banana Jack Sockets Heat Shrink Tubing Plexiglass (Lexan) Wood Screws Drill Motor Dr…

Introduction Negative impedances ? What on earth is that ? How can an impedance be negative and why would we need it ?These surely aren't surprising questions when encountering this mysterious concept for the first time. Don't worry, it has nothing to do with black magic.First of all, lets take a

roel arits electronics hobby shack - PUT voltage controlled sawtooth generator

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Introduction There are times where you need higher voltages than the usual range up to 15V, 24V or 48V.When you are working with Nixie tubes, Geiger-Muller tubes, photo-multipliers or when you want to build a time domain reflectometer, you will need DC voltages of 200V or higher. Also when you