No one knows more about toddler milestones and social issues than a child psychologist. Francyne Zeltser, PsyD, wants to help parents worry less and enjoy parenting more.
The Psychology of Babies by Lynne Murray is a fascinating insight into infant minds – but don't be surprised if it turns you into a worried armchair expert
By understanding the basics of child psychology, we can better support the cognitive, emotional, and social development of young minds
Children who engage in music from a young age have a more finely tuned ability to speak and communicate. Psychology Facts Quotes, Quick Facts Quotes.
Child Development Milestones are skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye bye”. Click here for more information on Child Development Milestones.
Learn how to tailor your babysitting strategies and activities to the age and development stage of the children in your care.
Infant mental health matters. Every adult was once an infant, vulnerable and dependent. This early part of a child's life determines their long term future.
Our brain is especially fast in the early stages of life. Techniques we present here can promote your child's development and help you bond with your child.
When the nervous system of a child is overwhelmed, it lets off pressure with a reaction called tantrum - extreme behavioural reactions such as yelling, screaming, kicking, beating... Such reactions often begin between 12 and 18 months old and they are usually seen in children 2-4 years old.
Childhood regression can be a part of normal childhood development. When does child regression indicate a bigger problem and what should you do about it?
Infant mental health matters. Every adult was once an infant, vulnerable and dependent. This early part of a child's life determines their long term future.
You can only feed your child but it is they who will have to ultimately chew the food.
Proper emotional development enables a child to self-regulate emotions. Understand why a child’s emotional development is crucial and how you can support it.
Looking for Child Psychology Books? Here we present more than 20 books that you can read for free and download in PDF.
A classic in child psychology is the mirror test for babies. This experiment offers insight into the development of self-concept in babies.
Biologist Jean Piaget developed a theory about the phases of normal intellectual development from infancy to adulthood.
This comprehensive guide to the brain development of children from 0 to 6 years is packed with insightful tips and important facts every parent should know.
Are babies really listening when we sing to them? Absolutely! Here’s what your baby is learning while you sing:
Do you know newborns have natural aquatic instincts when in water? Infants till 6 months of age naturally hold their breath. Psychology Facts
Being exposed to arguments between parents is associated with the way babies' brains process emotional tone of voice, according to a new study. Infants were found to respond to an angry tone of voice, even when they're asleep.
1001 DaysManifestoUpdatesAPPG ActivitiesResources Evidence Briefs Infographics Working for BabiesMembers Resources Our resources can be used by anyone to inform and influence decision makers about the importance of babies' emotional wellbeing. Working with experts from across the sector, we co-create resources to support anyone who is campaigning about parent-infant relationships and…
5 areas of attention that help you know if your child is developmentally ready for sustained attention, focus and multitasking in school.
The Australian Association for Infant Mental Health Inc. (AAIMHI) aims (in part) to: improve professional and public recognition that infancy is a critical period in psycho-social development. work for the improvement tof the mental health and development of all infants and families. The following is the AAIMHI's position statement on the use of 'Time Out.' View as a pdf here. Time Out Defined Time out involves time away from a rewarding or positive environment as a consequence of some form of misbehavior, usually for 1 – 5 minutes. The definition used by AAIMHI for this statement is where the child is also removed from the presence of and/or interaction with the parent or carer. Background to AAIMHI’s Position AAIMHI’s concern is that some parents and others caring for children in the community understand time out as exclusionary time out, that is, as separation from the parent or caregiver as well as from the activity in which the child had been involved. This statement refers in particular to the use of time out with children in the first three years. However, some of the issues raised will also be relevant to older children. While there is research that supports using time out to control behaviour, especially for older children, this research does not address the emotional impact on the child. Developmentally, children less than three years cannot be expected to be able to self regulate emotionally. Therefore they still need the presence of a caregiver to assist them with this process, not separation from them. Separation may increase a child’s insecurity and distress. Many older children have never had emotional regulation modelled to them by their caregivers in ways that enable them to learn self regulation. They therefore also need the presence of a caregiver to assist them with the management of their feelings. Children under three years may not have the developmental capacity to keep in mind the connection between their behavior and the response of the caregiver, especially if there is any time delay. Unregulated feelings are the cause of ‘out of control’ behaviour; responding to this behaviour needs to be about responding to the underlying emotional need of the child. The most effective, long-lasting way to respond to this behaviour is for caregivers to understand how the child is feeling and thinking. Then the parent or carer can anticipate when problems will arise and plan to prevent them. When they do happen the parent can show that strong feelings can be understood and managed. Sometimes therapy may be needed for persistent ‘out of control’ behavior. Time out – AAIMHI’s Position The AAIMHI position on responding to children’s behavior is informed by an attachment theory model of relationships which is now backed by a very significant body of research. The use of time out (where the child is removed from contact with the parent or caregiver) with children under three years is inappropriate. The use of time out with children over three years needs to be carefully considered in relation to the individual child’s experience and needs. AAIMHI concerns in relation to use of exclusionary (where the child is separated from the parent or caregiver) time out for children less than three years are: It does not teach constructive ways to deal with problems; instead it teaches separation as a way to deal with problems. It does not take into consideration the developmental capacities of young children under three. From an attachment and development-based point of view, children this age are experimenting and do not yet have the necessary skills to control impulses and emotion, i.e. their behavior is not misbehavior. It deliberately cuts off the child from the relationship with parent or carer so that the child feels powerless to connect with the adult; this cutting off from relationship is an intended consequence for the child’s behaviour and is seen by the child as a punishment. It does not address the message (cause) behind the behavior. It fails to recognise that young children do not learn self regulation of emotions by themselves; they need the support of a parent or carer. One parent's time out sign. Recommendations Reinsberg (1999) lists five points to consider in responding to a child: Is this a developmental stage? Is this an individual or temperamental difference? Is the environment causing the behaviour? Does the child not know something but is ready to learn? Does the child have unmet emotional needs? Time Out chair sold by Teamson Some practical suggestions 1. Make sure the child’s environment provides for the basic needs of love, emotional and physical security, room to explore and encouragement. The emotional context should be with the parent and child in a partnership for growing and learning, not an oppositional one of controlling. 2. The parent needs to be the one in charge (in a guiding way), wiser than the young child. The child does better with a confident, kind caregiver. 3. Let young children be as much involved in helping with activities as is sensible. Show children how to do things that they can feel good about. 4. Monitor a young child’s activities and emotional state. Watch for early signs of distress or difficulty and act then (divert, attend to needs, give a hug, change the activity) rather than waiting for the emotional response to develop. 5. Respond to precipitating factors such as a child’s level of tiredness or excitement or family changes such as a new baby. 6. Calming routines before difficult situations are a good idea to get your child in a calm, well balanced state, e.g. a quiet game, a bath, a walk outside, a story. 7. Give young children choices where possible and within their capability. 8. Anticipate difficult situations. Think about when they happen and plan to avoid them if possible. For example, take with you some things to amuse a young child. Watching adults is very boring for them. If not, talk to the child about the situation ahead of time. Challenge the child with how you would like things to go: “I wonder if you would be able to (be clever, strong, etc.) and help me do this?” Have a plan in case things don’t go well. 9. Think about the event from the child’s perspective. 10. If you see an emotion rising in the child, note it and name it with them. For example: “You are getting cross I know...” “I understand you would like ... but we can’t because ...” Give a short reason: “We have to make sure you are (healthy, safe, kind to others, etc.).” “I can help you (do something else).” Or a challenge to the child of something acceptable to you: “Maybe we could ... ” 11. If the above does not work, take the child away from the situation but keep the child with you (sometimes called ‘time in’). Remain as calm as you can and consistently restate your decision. Acknowledge the child’s feeling. Offer to connect with the child. “I know it is hard. Do you want a hug?” 12. Predict that this will be over soon. “I know we can calm you down. Very soon you will fine again.” 13. Importantly, parents who are very upset themselves need to take a break, as long as the child is safe. Helping parents to find support is important; there are always times in parenting when this is needed. Specific resources for helping one and two year olds (and older) with behavior and feelings. Time In The Circle of Security model lists a step by step process called “Time In” during which the adult helps the child “organize their feelings.” In their approach, Time Out is for the parent to calm down (emotionally re-regulate) in order to be in a good state to respond to the child. See: www.circleofsecurity.com Time-in Parenting This book by Otto Weininger is highly recommended for helping children to learn strategies for self regulation. Weininger states, When children are upset, out of control, rude or angry, what they need most is to be with a safe and accepting adult. They need to be with someone who is calm and non-punitive, and can recognize that anyone can get very upset at one time or other. They also need someone who can help them express these strong feelings appropriately. The context of responding to young children’s behaviour is to use the parental relationship with the child to assist the child with emotional regulation, i.e. young children learn emotional regulation in the context of the relationship and with the support of the parent. It is not something they learn alone. Weininger makes the following points about exclusionary time out: [Time out] assumes that, at any age, we learn by ourselves and do not need others to help us. It assumes that we already somehow know the ‘right’ way to do things and can simply go to our room and ‘tune into’ the right way. Again, it appears to the child we do not need anyone to help us do this ... I do not believe that children of two, three, four, five or even six are able to perform such thinking tasks because they do not yet have the reflective skills to do so ... time out is a punishment that deprives a child of the very relationship that he needs at the time the punishment is given. See: Weininger, Otto (2002). Time-in parenting: how to teach children emotional self-control, life skills, and problem solving by lending yourself and staying connected. Toronto: L. Rinascente Books. Available upon order in Australia from Open Leaves Books. The Emotional Life of the Toddler: This book by Alicia Lieberman also has very helpful information about toddlers and how the way we respond to them helps them with important learning and development. It gives parents and carers a real insight into the world of the toddler and what is behind their actions and feelings. Related Reading: Gentle Discipline Book Collection Aware Parenting: Time Out Better Kids Care: Time Out Lesson Circle of Security NAEYC Statement on Time Out (NaturalChild.org) Gentle Discipline Tshirts at Made By Momma References Berlin LJ, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg MT (Eds) (2005). Enhancing Early Attachments. Duke Series in Child Development and Public Policy. New York: The Guilford Press. Betz C (1994). Beyond time-out: Tips from a teacher. Young Children 49:3, 10-14. Cassidy J & Shaver PR (Eds) (2000) Handbook of Attachment. New York: The Guilford Press. Elkind D (2001). Instructive discipline is built on under- standing: Choosing time-in. Child Care Information Exchange 141, 7-8. Fonagy P (1996). Prevention, the Appropriate Target of Infant Psychotherapy. Plenary address at the sixth World Congress of the World Association for Infant Mental Health. Tampere, Finland. July. Gartrell D (2001). Replacing time-out. Part one – Using guidance to build an encouraging classroom. Young Children 56:6, 8-16. Gartrell, D (2002). Replacing time-out. Part two – Using guidance to maintain an encouraging classroom. Young Children 57:2, 36-43. Haiman PE (1998). ‘Time out’ to correct misbehavior may aggravate it instead. Brown University Child & Adoles- cent Behavior Letter 14:10, 1-4. Hannon J (2002). No time for time out. Kappa Delta Pi Record 38, 112-4. Lang L (1997). Too much time out. Teacher Magazine 8, 6-7. Lieberman A. (1993). The Emotional Life of the Toddler. USA: The Free Press. Readdick CA. & Chapman PL (2001). Young children’s perceptions of time out. Journal of Research in Child- hood Education 15, 81-87. Reinsberg J (1999). Understanding young children’s behavior. Young Children 54:4, 54-57. Schore A (1994). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: the Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Schreiber ME (1999). Time-outs for toddlers: Is our goal punishment or education? Young Children 54:4, 22-25. Weininger O (2002). Time-in parenting. Canada: Caversham Publishers. Wolf T et al. (2006). Time-out interventions and strategies: A brief review and recommendations. International Journal of Special Education 21:3. ~~~~
Both of these images are brain scans of a two three-year-old children, but the difference in size is due to how they were treated by their mother.
This comprehensive guide to the brain development of children from 0 to 6 years is packed with insightful tips and important facts every parent should know.
A classic in child psychology is the mirror test for babies. This experiment offers insight into the development of self-concept in babies.
When I became a parent, the stages of development took on a whole new meaning. The dry descriptive terms found in those developmental textbooks hardly matched the antics of my children. Below I’ve translated Piaget’s theory of cognitive development into a guide of what parents can expect.
