Thinking about getting a business coach? Learn what a business coach can do for your business and how to find the right one for you.
Small businesses are constantly looking for new ways to drive growth and achieve their goals in today's business landscape. Fortunately, technological advancements have provided them with powerful tools to help them along their journey. One such tool is Chat GPT, an AI-powered language model developed by OpenAI. If you're not familiar with Chat GPT and how it works, we recommend reading "Chat GPT: How AI Can Help You Grow Your Small Business."
The OSI reference model, as shown under, is developed by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a step towards international standardization of the protocols used in the networking. · The model is called OSI (Open System Interconnection) because it deals with connecting open systems that is, systems that are open for communication with other systems. · OSI Defines: - How network device contact each other, if they have different language, How they communicate each other? · OSI is not a physical model; rather it is a set of guidelines that application developer can use to create application that run on network. It also provides framework for creating and implementing networking standards, devices, internetworking scheme. · O.S.I Has 7 Layer, divided into 2 groups. · The Layer 4-3-2-1 layer defines how data is transmitted end-to-end. · The Layer 7-6-5 defines how the application within one station will communicate with each other. Responsible for application communication between hosts. · Layers are as under: o A layer should be created where a different level of abstraction is needed. o Each layer should perform a well defined function. o The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye towards defining internationally standardized protocols. o The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the interfaces. o The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be thrown together in the same layer out of necessity. (1) Physical Layer: · The physical layer of the OSI model establishes the physical characteristics of the network such as the type of cable, connectors, and the length of the cable. · This layer also defines the electrical characteristics of the signals used to transmit the data. The electrical characteristics include signal voltage swing and duration of voltages. · The physical layer transmits the binary data (bits) as electrical or optical signals depending on medium. · This layer is concern with the following: o Physical characteristics of interface and medium: This layer defines the characteristics of the interface between the devices and the transmission medium. o Representation of bits: Data of this layer consists of a stream of bits without any interpretation. They must be encoded into signals (electronics or optical), which is defined by the physical medium. o Data rates: The number of bits sent each second, is also defined b the physical layer. o Line configuration: They physical layer is concerned with the connection of device to the medium. It can be Point-to-Point or Multipoint Configuration. o Transmission Mode: The physical layer also defined the direction of transmission between two devices (Simplex, Half-Duplex or Full-Duplex). (2) Data Link Layer: · The data link layer defines how the signal will be placed. · In this layer, the data frames are broken down into individual bits that can be translated into electronic signals and sent over network. On the receiving end the bits are reassembled into frames for processing by upper levels. · If an acknowledgement is expected and not received, the frame will be resent. · Error and corrupt data detection and correction is also performed at the data link layer · The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node-to-node delivery. Function: Framing, Combine Packets into Bytes And bytes into Frame o Framing: the data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data units called frames. o Physical Addressing: If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the physical address of the sender and receiver of the frame. o Flow control: If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the rate produced in the sender, the data link layer imposes the flow control mechanism to prevent overwhelming the receiver. o Error control: The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. It uses the mechanism to prevent duplication of frames. Error control is normally achieved through a trailer added to the end of the frame. o Access control: When two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control over the link at any given time. (3) Network Layer: The network layer is primarily concerned with addressing and routing. Logical addresses or IP addresses are translated into physical addresses or machine addresses for transmission at the network layer. On the receiving side, the translation process is reversed. The network layer also determines the route from the source to the destination computer to deliver packets. Routes are determined based on packet addresses and network conditions. Traffic control measures are also implemented at the network layer. If 2 systems are connected in the same network, there is no need for the network layer. Function: Routing, Provides Logical addressing which router used for path determination o Logical Addressing: The physical addressing implemented by the data link layer handles the addressing problem locally. If packet passes the network boundary, it needs another addressing system to help distinguish the source and destination system. o Routing: When independent networks or links are connected together to create internetwork, the connecting device (router or gateway) route the packets to their final destination. This is one more mechanism provided by this layer. (4) Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for the control of flow and ensuring that messages are delivered error free source -to-destination (end-to-end). On the originating side, messages are packaged for efficient transmission and assigned a tracking number. On the receiving side, the packets are reassembled, checked for errors, and acknowledged. The transport layer performs error handling by ensuring that all data is received in the proper sequence without errors. If there are errors the data is retransmitted. · This layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-destination level. · For security purpose, this layer may create a connection between the two end ports, a logical path between source and destination. Function: End-to-End Connection, Perform error correction before retransmit o Service -point addressing: Computer runs several programs at the same time. So this layer is responsible for delivering data to specific process (port) of computer. It contains service-point address (port address) and therefore, network layer gets each packet to the correct computer on correct network. Segmentation and Reassembly: A message is divided into transmittable segments, each segment containing sequence number, which enables layer to reassembling the message correctly upon arriving at the destination and can identify those packets which are lost during the transmission. o Connection control: The transport layer can be either connection or connection oriented. A connection-less transport layer treats each segment as an independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the destination machine. Whereas connection oriented transport layer makes a connection with the transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering the packet. o Error control: This layer is more concern with end -to-end control rather than single link control of data link layer. The receiving transport layer makes sure that the entire message arrives without error. Error correction is usually achieved through retransmission. (5) Session Layer: · The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating a connection called session. · A session is an exchange of messages between computers. Logon, name recognition and security functions occur while establishing a session. · Managing the session involves synchronization of user tasks and messages. · Synchronization involves the use of checkpoints in the data stream. In the event of a failure, only the data from the last checkpoint has to be resent. Function: Keeps different application data separate, Dialog control, Synchronization o Dialog control: The session layer allows two systems to enter into a dialog. It allows the communication between two processes to take place either in half-duplex or full duplex. o Synchronization: This layer allows a process to add check points into a stream of data. (6) Presentation Layer: · This layer is concern with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between 2 systems. The presentation layer is concerned with translating, interpreting, and converting the data from various formats. · Data is compressed for transmission and uncompressed on receipt in this layer. Encryption techniques are also implemented at the presentation layer. The redirector operates at the presentation layer by redirecting I/O operations across networks. · Function: Present Data, Handles Processing Such as Encryption, Compression and Translation Services o Translation: Information should be changed to bit streams before being transmitted. Because different computers us e different encoding system, the presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between these different encoding methods. o Encryption: To carry sensitive information, a system must be able to assure privacy. Transformation is carried out at this layer. o Compression: Data compression reduces the number of bits to be transmitted. It is highly required when transmitting data of text, audio and video. (7) Application Layer: · This layer provides the operational system with direct access to the network services. · It also provides an interface so that Application (Web Browser) that are running on the local machine can access the network services. So It enables user or software to access the network. · It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed information services. o Network Virtual Terminal: A network virtual terminal is a software version of a physical terminal and allows a user to log on to a remote host. o File Transfer and Access Management: This application allows a user to access files in a remote computer. o E-Mail Service: This application provides the basis for email forwarding and storage. o Directory Service: This application provides distributed database source and access for global information about various objects and services. Summary of Layers · Physical Layer: To transmit bits over a medium. · Data Link Layer: To organize bits into frames; to provide node-to-node delivery. · Network Layer: To move packets from source to destination; to provide internetworking. · Transport Layer: To provide reliable end-to-end message delivery and error recovery. · Session Layer: To establish, manage and terminate sessions. · Presentation Layer: To translate, encrypt, and compress data. · Application Layer: To allow access to network resources.
The blog celebrates the heartwarming essence of family-run home businesses. It delves into their special qualities: the personal touch they offer, the deep expertise passed through generations, the cozy and inviting atmosphere they create, their integral role in the community, adaptability, genuine passion, meticulous care in crafting goods, and the captivating stories woven into their existence. Supporting these businesses isn’t just about transactions; it’s about nurturing the soul of our communities, preserving traditions, and embracing authenticity in a world that sometimes feels distant.
An easy how-to guide for generating MLM leads and prospecting in network marketing and the tools that top network marketers use today - DON'T BE LEFT OUT!
Enterprise architects are more important than ever before as every current and future business project has a technology component. They are the key players responsible for creating a teamwork mentalit
Virtual Assistant Training & Courses for Entrepreneurs Training and Courses for Creative Entrepreneurs, Virtual Assistants and Freelancers Who Want to Build a More Sustainable & Enjoyable Business how can I support you today? I want help and support while starting, growing, or scaling my service based business. START, THRIVE, SCALE program I’m an introvert who needs help building a business that feels good & marketing with ease. the introvertpreneur club membership I struggle with creating content for Instagram & connecting with ideal clients there. Instagram for Introverts course I want clients to start finding me & optimize my website to...
Brand: FORTINETFeatures: The Unified Protection Bundle extends threat protection across the entire digital attack surface, providing industry-leading defense against sophisticated attacksManufacturer Part: FC-10-0030E-950-02-12Includes Fortinet Unified Protection (UTM) with 24X7 Support ServicesNew/Renewal License for FortiGate-30EFortinet designed support and subscriptions to be continuous. When a customer does not renew by the expiration date, then a lapse in the service period occursDetails: Overview This license is for the (UTM) Protection 24X7 Subscription Contract for the Fortinet FortiGate-30E Model Fortinet FortiGate, FortiWiFi, FortiMail, and FortiClient security products offer dynamic protection based on the work of the dedicated Fortinet Global Threat Research Team, which researches and develops protection against known and unknown security threats. Their research forms the basis of the FortiGuard security subscription services, which deliver continuous, automatic updates for antivirus, intrusion prevention, Web filtering, and antispam services. FortiGuard and FortiCare Services Include: ✅ Global, proactive threat library delivers comprehensive protection against network, content, and application threats ✅ Multi-threat security research leverages intelligence from multiple security disciplines to protect against known and unknown threats ✅ Feedback from worldwide installed base plus cooperation with major infrastructure vendors provides broadest protection against attacks and exploits ✅ Simple setup offers true "set and forget" functionality for easier deployment and management ✅ Dynamic FortiCare Support Services (8x5, 24x7, 360)Package Dimensions: 0x0x0UPC: 714953348743
Download the Business support or help to solve problem, clear and unblock work obstacle or key to unlock business idea concept 2121767 royalty-free Vector from Vecteezy for your project and explore over a million other vectors, icons and clipart graphics!
What is crowdfunding? Is crowdfunding right for you? Learn about this and other simple, visual, stress-saving financial tips from Napkin Finance .
Feeling overwhelmed by your projects? Not sure where to start? Don't worry, we've all been there! Here's a beginner-friendly checklist to get you… | 211 comments on LinkedIn
Are you guilty of disrespecting your customers? That’s a rhetorical question, and I’m sure the answer is no. At least I hope the answer is no. Our friends at Provide Support sent over an awesome inf
Quand on pense attentes ou besoins des consommateurs, on pense le plus souvent produits. Ce serait oublier que les contenus sont aujourd’hui des produits de consommation à part entière. Et ce…
This took me 10 years to learn as a leader. You can learn it in just a few minutes. When you serve others, you serve yourself! This is counterintuitive… | 272 comments on LinkedIn
Art of the Start is a weapon of mass construction. Guy's goal is to provide the definitive guide for anyone starting anything.
Get 5 easy to use frameworks for storytelling in your business. Learn the art of connecting with your audience and compelling them to take action.
Spend less time on regulatory compliance and operational efficiency.
Let's face it. Prospecting, whether it be warm market or cold, is no fun. And it can be very difficult to get any results with this strategy. Wouldn't it be great if you could sell & recruit without prospecting? You can. Click to learn how to sell & recruit without prospecting (warm or cold!)
The social project management movement is attempting to improve classic project management to make projects more efficient, more effective and more fun for employees.
I Love You! These are the most abusive and hideous words that the Narcissist uses to abuse their targets/victims! The effects of emotional or psychological abuse falls under the category of ‘…
"What gets measured, gets improved." 36 KPIs every leader needs to know: As Peter Drucker used to say, You need to measure what you want to improve. Drucker… | 438 comments on LinkedIn
Long gone are the days when employees were grateful for a job that offered competitive pay and a workplace pension.
A master franchise allows the franchisee to act as a franchisor, profiting from sub-franchisees. Explore the details below.
Amazon stock has an interesting setup. Given its strength, the trend favors the bulls, but the stock has a notable level of support it needs to hold.
Entrepreneurship funding, initiative investment, idea financing. Angel investor, startup financial support, business professionals help concept. Pinkish coral bluevector isolated illustration Save 93% with our 50 concepts bundle! https://creativemarket.com/Vige/collections/1103758/Organic-%D0%A1oral-concepts?u=Vige 50 vector concept illustrations for only 35$!
In a nutshell, upselling is how retailers persuade customers to spend more money on products or services that complement the primary product the customer is already buying. This is fundamental behavioral economics, taking human behavior and generating up-sells in an online retailer marketplace. An upsell is usually an additional high-end product or part of a […]
This is a collective effort of the Linkedin community to help you in setting up your own event management business. We have a 1200+ Event Planning &
I was glad to attend the DGTLU 2014 event which took place Dec 4/ 5 in Beirut. An event that has evidently matured & evolved since its conception in 2012. This is a brief round up from a business…
With this new initiative, the digital retail giants are aiming to help small black online businesses increase profitability and scale their consumer base.
Share Market Training,Stock market Training,K.Karthik Raja,Techincal Analysis Course,Fundamental analysis Class,Share Market Training ,Online Stock Market Courses - Share Trading Academy - Join whatsapp 9094047040
How to make strategic planning effective
We have translated our Salesforce expertise into the finest approaches to creating a seamless Salesforce lead management process.
This article describes the consequences of the four most common sales process mapping mistakes, as well as principles to follow in order to avoid them. Learn how process mapping brings the potential for creating breakthroughs in organizational sales performance.
Understand VoIP QoS: prioritize voice traffic, minimize delays, and ensure clear calls. Explore its role in enhancing call quality.
Developing assertiveness is key to ensuring a stable mental state. By actively addressing issues as they arise, you cut them off before they can fester and derail you into bouts of rumination. In addition, assertiveness easily overcomes bouts of indecision that can plague groups, individuals or bus
Well, our indiegogo campaign officially ended last week, and I cannot thank all of you enough for your support. We did not reach our total fundraising goal of $10,000, but I still consider our camp…
Create effective internal newsletters to keep your company informed
