Однажды на моём рабочем столе оказались usb-джойстик и ПЛК (программируемый логический контроллер) фирмы ОВЕН — ПЛК100, при этом на компьютере была запущена сред...
Clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) operation of a motor from the same push button PLC program.
This is a PLC Program for motor operation based on time cycle. Learn the PLC programming related to electrical engineering.
Are you searching for PLC project ideas? Here is the Top 100 PLC Projects List useful for your project selection. PLC SCADA HMI DCS Projects.
ENUNCIADO PRÁCTICA 15. Se trata de una persiana con dos pulsadores y dos finales de carrera, de subida y de bajada. Se deberá evitar...
PID stands for Proportional Integral Derivative. PID controller is used to control final control element with proper controller tuning.
Develop a Programmable Logic Controller programming for batch mixing process example uisng ladder logic language in a PLC.
PLC Conveyor Interlock. : A feeder drops material on the conveyor which sends material for further process through one more conveyor.
Впервые про программируемый логический контроллер по имени CONTROLLINO мне довелось узнать году еще в 2014-м в случайной переписке с человеком, который подбирал...
Create a PLC Logic for Latching and unlatching Circuit. Find more PLC Tutorials, PLC Programming, PLC example programs, PLC tutorials for beginners.
PLC Conveyor Interlock. : A feeder drops material on the conveyor which sends material for further process through one more conveyor.
Basic PLC Ladder Programming Examples 2
PLC tutorial explaining step by step procedure to program PLC for motor starter. Discuss about PLC motor control circuit example using ladder logic.
This is a PLC Program for motor operation based on time cycle. Learn the PLC programming related to electrical engineering.
How to Wire Automatic Reverse – Forward Motor Control Circuit Using Omron CP2E & CP1E PLC? Automatic REV-FWD Motor Control Using Omron PLC
PLC Contacts and coils are discrete programming elements, dealing with Boolean variable states. Read PLC Tutorials and PLC Training articles.
Сразу отсылаю читателя к статьям, которые предшествуют этой - Виды и отличия контакторов и пускателей, и Подключение асинхронного электродвигателя. Очень рекомендую ознакомиться, перед дальнейшим ...
ENUNCIADO PRÁCTICA 6. Tenemos un pulsador y al accionar se pueden encender una u otra bombilla: si la pulsación es corta, se encien...
Ladder logic examples or examples of PLC programs is a great way to learn ladder logic. Check out my list of all the best examples of PLC programs.
Create a ladder diagram for controlling a batch mixing process. Implement a PLC program for mixing tank or Mixing Process using PLC Ladder Logic.
In a previous Topic, “Electrical Load Classification and Types”, I show that the electrical loads can be classified into various categories according to various factors; one of these factors is according to load function/usage as follows: Third Classification: Electrical Load Classification According To Load Function Lighting Load. Appliances Load. Power Loads. In the following previous Topics, I explained the first type; lighting load: Electrical Load Classification and Types – Part Four Artificial Lighting types and design Indoor Lighting Fixtures Classifications – Part One Indoor Lighting Fixtures Classifications – Part Two Outdoor lighting fixtures classifications Introduction in Lighting Design Process And I explained the second type; Appliances Load in the following previous topic: Appliances Electrical Loads Types and Classifications And I showed that the third and last type of electrical loads according to the load function / usage is the power loads which can be divided to the following main loads: HVAC loads (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System Loads). Lifts Loads (Transportation System Loads). Pumps Loads (Fire Fighting, Plumping, Irrigation Systems, Etc.). Since this Course EE-1 is for beginners in the electrical design field, I must explain in detail these loads or systems and indicate its construction, principals of operation and its different types. So, I explained the first type of power loads; HVAC Loads in the following previous topics: Heating Systems Types - Part One Heating Systems Types -Part Two Air Conditioning System Configurations-Part One Air Conditioning Systems Configurations – Part Two Air Conditioning System Configurations-Part Three HVAC System Main Equipment HVAC Control Systems and Building Automation System Today, I will explain the second item of power loads; Lifts Loads (Transportation System Loads) as follows. Introduction An elevator (or lift in the Commonwealth excluding Canada) is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structures. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. There are three types of convoying methods in buildings, Elevators & Escalators & Ramps, and they have different dimensions and uses according to building type & number of users in it. Elevator Types According to hoist mechanism. According to building height. According to building type. According to elevator Location. According to Special uses. 1- According to hoist mechanism: Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as follows: Hydraulic Elevators Traction Elevators Climbing elevator Pneumatic Elevators 1- Hydraulic Elevators (Push Elevators) Hydraulic Elevators Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. Hydraulic elevators have many two main types as follows: A- Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. B- Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators They have a piston on either side of the cab. It can be divided to 3 different types as follows: a- Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators: Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance. b- Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators: Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators it has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance. c- Roped Hydraulic Elevators Roped Hydraulic Elevators They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet. 2- Traction Elevators (Pull Elevators) Traction Elevators (Pull Elevators) Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient. Traction elevators have 3 main types as follows: A- Geared Traction Elevators: Geared Traction Elevators they have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. B- Gear-less Traction Elevators: Gear-less Traction Elevators they have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute. C- Machine-Room-Less Elevators: Machine-Room-Less Elevators they are typically traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming more common; however, many maintenance departments do not like them due to the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room. 3- Climbing elevator Climbing elevator They hold their own power device on them, mostly electric or combustion engine. Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction areas. 4- Pneumatic Elevators Pneumatic Elevators Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the elevator sits. By simple principles of physics; the difference in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure that floats cab down. They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because excavating a pit and hoist way are not required. 2- According to building height A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories) Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories) Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories) Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators 3- According to building type Elevators will be classified according to building type to 6 main types as follows: Hospital Elevators. Residential /Domestic Elevators. Agricultural Elevators. Industrial Elevators. Commercial Elevators. Parking buildings Elevators. 1- Hospital Elevators Hospital Elevators A- Hospital Bed Elevators Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who are not well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair. One of the features of bed elevators should be its ability to transport the patient has smoothly as possible with minimal amount of bumping and jostling. Many contemporary bed elevators are manufactured to consume extremely low amounts of power and to be durable with a number of safety features built-in. Hospital bed elevators generally draw very little power so that should there be a power outage they are still operational off the hospital's backup power supply. Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the elevator cabin. B- Hospital Stretcher Lift They usually are smaller than bed elevators. This particular type of elevator is usually hydraulic or traction based depending on the location of the machine room. They are specifically manufactured to be low-noise bed elevators that smoothly transport patients, doctors, nurses and hospital staff between floors, allowing them the utmost in comfort. Because hospital bed elevators are only used for transporting patients and hospital staff they arrived at their location quite quickly, eliminating lengthy waits. Many of these bed elevators are key operated so as to prohibit use by the general public. 2- Residential /Domestic Elevators They are usually just on a much smaller scale than industrial or commercial elevators. A- Passenger Elevators Passenger Elevators Domestic elevators which are intended to move passengers up and down stairs in a multilevel residence are quite similar to those used in large public buildings. They can be built either inside the home or outside the home and can be pneumatic vacuum, electric, hydraulic or cable elevators. Most often domestic elevators designed for carrying passengers in a residential setting only carry perhaps two to four people safely and comfortably. B- Stairway Elevators Stairway Elevators Stairway elevators are generally installed in homes where someone in the family has problems with mobility. This type of domestic elevators simply runs on a rail up and down and existing staircase. They can run either in a straight line or around a curved stairway. Stairway elevators can be constructed both inside and outside the home. b.1 - Vertical Wheelchair Elevators Vertical Wheelchair Elevators Interior vertical wheelchair elevators can easily be installed when space is limited. They can be constructed in such a way as to allow both front and rear entry and the platform is generally 4.5 feet by 5 feet, unless a custom size is called for. Vertical elevators are called for when the staircase winds around several levels. b.2 - Wheelchair Elevators on an Incline Wheelchair Elevators on an Incline Wheelchair elevators on an incline are generally installed when the staircase simply goes up one level or perhaps two. If there are several winds in the staircase, wheelchair elevators on an incline would not be well suited. Most often this type of elevator is called for when there is not adequate space to facilitate a more spacious vertical wheelchair elevator. C- Dumbwaiters Elevators Dumbwaiters Elevators They are small freight elevators intended to carry objects rather than people , Whenever groceries or laundry need to be sent up and down the stairs without making unnecessary trips that can quickly tire people , people can simply place what needs to be transported in the dumbwaiter and press the button to send it up or down stairs. Dumbwaiters are most often built into or adjacent to a wall. A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope on a pulley, guided by rails; most dumbwaiters have a shaft, car, and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators, usually 100 to 1000 lbs 3- Agricultural applications: A- Bucket Elevators Bucket elevator used to move crops which have been newly harvested up and into silo. Bucket elevators are manufactured in such a way that they can move heavy loads quite easily. They can be belt driven or chain driven and they can move vertically, horizontally or at an incline. A.1- Centrifugal discharge elevators Centrifugal discharge elevators Bucket elevators are sometimes referred to as conveyor buckets, most often when the movement is horizontal or on an incline. However, technically speaking, vertical movement is also accomplished with a conveyor belt or chain. The centrifugal discharge bucket elevator is perhaps the most common type. Of course, as the name implies the elevator is driven by centrifugal force. This type of elevator has lower speeds and the buckets are often placed relatively closely together. A.2 Vertical bucket Elevators Vertical bucket Elevators Vertical bucket elevators usually have buckets that are well spaced with bottoms that are rounded, and are often referred to as grain legs. Part of the reason for this is balance which keeps the contents in the buckets as they move up the elevator so that spillage isn't a problem. Vertical bucket elevators need to be used at a much slower pace both to avoid spilling contents and also because much of the time they carry loads that are quite heavy. 4- Industrial Elevators The most common types of industrial elevators are hoist elevators and incline elevators. These types of elevators are built to carry huge amounts of weight effortlessly, therefore the term industrial elevators. This type of elevators is used in construction, warehouses, and shipyards. A-Hoist Elevators Hoist Elevators Hoist elevators are operated by a pulley or series of pulleys and they can be a simple platform or a cage in which humans or heavy materials are moved up and down during industrial applications. Generally, a pulley operates a rope or chain that wraps around a drum causing the elevator to rise or descend. It is said that hoist elevators are powered by either electricity or air, but even that isn't quite true because electricity is needed to pump air. Hoist elevators carrying materials and equipment to upper levels as needed while the building is being constructed. They are also commonly used to load equipment and supplies on large seagoing vessels. B- Incline Elevators Incline Elevators The equipment and supplies are placed on a form of conveyor belt that continues turning bringing the cargo up to its destination where it is quickly unloaded as the belt continues turning around. This is a much quicker method of loading and unloading cargo than with a hoist elevator because there is no stopping to unload. Everything happens in one fluid motion. Incline elevators when used for industrial purposes are usually temporary and mobile. Many are on wheels and can be easily moved from one dock or location to the next. In the next Topic, I will explain Other Types of Elevators and Basic Elevator Components. So, please keep following. Note: these topics about elevators in this course EE-1: Beginner's electrical design course is an introduction only for beginners to know general basic information about elevators as a type of Power loads. But in other levels of our electrical design courses, we will show and explain in detail the Elevator Loads Estimation calculations.
PID stands for Proportional Integral Derivative. PID controller is used to control final control element with proper controller tuning.
Design a PLC program to control the liquid level in a tank. A level transmitter is used to measure the tank level in 4 to 20 mA current signal.
Controlling the running state of the 1 ph motor by pressing START and STOP pushbuttons i.e. motor should remain in ON state after START pushbutton is pressed
Conheça as principais características de como usar CADe SIMU e aprenda a aplicação desta ferramenta no dia a dia profissional da área elétrica.
In the previous topic” Electrical Motors Basic Components “, I explained the construction and basic components of the main motor types of motors; AC and DC motors. Today, I will explain the different types in electric motors world as follows. Main Types of Motor Electric motors are broadly classified into two categories as follows: AC Motors. DC Motors. Within those two main categories there are subdivisions as shown in the below image. Motor Types Notes: Recently, with the development of economical and reliable power electronic components, there are numerous ways to design a motor and the classifications of these motors have become less rigorous and many other types of motor have appeared. Our classification of motors will be comprehensive as can as possible. First: DC motors DC motors DC power systems are not very common in the contemporary engineering practice. However, DC motors have been used in industrial applications for years Coupled with a DC drive, DC motors provide very precise control DC motors can be used with conveyors, elevators, extruders, marine applications, material handling, paper, plastics, rubber, steel, and textile applications, automobile, aircraft, and portable electronics, in speed control applications. Advantages of DC motors: It is easy to control their speed in a wide range; their torque-speed characteristic has, historically, been easier to tailor than that of all AC motor categories. This is why most traction and servo motors have been DC machines. For example, motors for driving rail vehicles were, until recently, exclusively DC machines. Their reduced overall dimensions permit a considerable space saving which let the manufacturer of the machines or of plants not to be conditioned by the exaggerated dimensions of circular motors. Disadvantages of DC motors Since they need brushes to connect the rotor winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases dramatically in low‐pressure environment. So they cannot be used in artificial hearts. If used on aircraft, the brushes would need replacement after one hour of operation. Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains explosive materials. RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby TV sets, or electronic devices, Etc. DC motors are also expensive relative to AC motors. Thus all application of DC motors have employed a mechanical switch or commutator to turn the terminal current, which is constant or DC, into alternating current in the armature of the machine. Therefore, DC machines are also called commutating machines. Types of DC motors: Types of DC motors The DC motors are divided mainly to: Brush DC motors (BDC). Brushless DC motors (BLDC). 1. A Brush DC motors Brush DC motors A brushed DC motor (BDC) is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source. Applications: Brushed DC motors are widely used in applications ranging from toys to push-button adjustable car seats. Advantages: Brushed DC (BDC) motors are inexpensive, easy to drive, and are readily available in all sizes and shapes Construction: Brushed DC motor Construction All BDC motors are made of the same basic components: a stator, rotor, brushes and a commutator. 1- Stator The stator generates a stationary magnetic field that surrounds the rotor. This field is generated by either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. 2- Rotor Rotor (Armature) The rotor, also called the armature, is made up of one or more windings. When these windings are energized they produce a magnetic field. The magnetic poles of this rotor field will be attracted to the opposite poles generated by the stator, causing the rotor to turn. As the motor turns, the windings are constantly being energized in a different sequence so that the magnetic poles generated by the rotor do not overrun the poles generated in the stator. This switching of the field in the rotor windings is called commutation. 3- Brushes and Commutator Commutator Example Segments and Brushes Unlike other electric motor types (i.e., brushless DC, AC induction), BDC motors do not require a controller to switch current in the motor windings. Instead, the commutation of the windings of a BDC motor is done mechanically. A segmented copper sleeve, called a commutator, resides on the axle of a BDC motor. As the motor turns, carbon brushes (ride on the side of the commutator to provide supply voltage to the motor) slide over the commutator, coming in contact with different segments of the commutator. The segments are attached to different rotor windings, therefore, a dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor when a voltage is applied across the brushes of the motor. It is important to note that the brushes and commutator are the parts of a BDC motor that are most prone to wear because they are sliding past each other. How the Commutator Works: How the Commutator Works As the rotor turns, the commutator terminals also turn and continuously reverse polarity of the current it gets from the stationary brushes attached to the battery. Types of BDC motors: Types of DC motors The different types of BDC motors are distinguished by the construction of the stator or the way the electromagnetic windings are connected to the power source. These types are: Permanent Magnet. Shunt-Wound. Series-Wound. Compound-Wound. Separately excited DC motor. Universal Motor. Servo Motors. A- Permanent Magnet Permanent Magnet Motor A permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor is a motor whose poles are made out of permanent magnets to produce the stator field. Advantages: Since no external field circuit is needed, there are no field circuit copper losses. Since no field windings are needed, these motors can be considerable smaller. Widely used in low power application. Field winding is replaced by a permanent magnet (simple construction and less space). No requirement on external excitation. Disadvantages: Since permanent magnets produces weaker flux densities then externally supported shunt fields, such motors have lower induced torque. There is always a risk of demagnetization from extensive heating or from armature reaction effects (Some PMDC motors have windings built into them to prevent this from happening). B- Shunt-Wound Shunt-Wound Motor Shunt-wound Brushed DC (SHWDC) motors have the field coil in parallel (shunt) with the armature. The speed is practically constant independent of the load and therefore suitable for commercial applications with a low starting load, such as centrifugal pump, machine tools, blowers fans, reciprocating pumps, etc. Advantages: The current in the field coil and the armature are independent of one another. as a result, these motors have excellent speed control. Loss of magnetism is not an issue in SHWDC motors so they are generally more robust than PMDC motors. Speed can be controlled by either inserting a resistance in series with the armature (decreasing speed) or by inserting resistance in the field current (increasing speed). Disadvantages: Shunt-wound Brushed DC (SHWDC) motors have drawbacks in reversing applications, however, because winding direction relative to the shunt winding must be reversed when armature voltage is reversed. Here, reversing contactors must be used. C- Series-Wound Series-Wound Motor Series-wound Brushed DC (SWDC) motors have the field coil in series with the armature. These motors are ideally suited for high-torque applications such as traction vehicles (cranes and hoists, electric trains, conveyors, elevators, electric cars) because the current in both the stator and armature increases under load. Advantages: The torque is proportional to I2 so it gives the highest torque per current ratio over all other dc motors. Disadvantages: A drawback to SWDC motors is that they do not have precise speed control like PMDC and SHWDC motors have. Speed is restricted to 5000 RPM. It must be avoided to run a series motor with no load because the motor will accelerate uncontrollably. D- Compound-Wound Compound-Wound Motor Compound Wound (CWDC) motors are a combination of shunt-wound and series-wound motors. CWDC motors employ both a series and a shunt field. The performance of a CWDC motor is a combination of SWDC and SHWDC motors. CWDC motors have higher torque than a SHWDC motor while offering better speed control than SWDC motor. It is used in Applications such as Rolling mills, sudden temporary loads, heavy machine tools, punches, etc. Advantages: This motor has a good starting torque and a stable speed. Disadvantages: The no-load speed is controllable unlike in series motors. E- Separately excited DC motor Separately excited DC motor In a separately excited DC motor the field coils are supplied from an independent source, such as a motor-generator and the field current is unaffected by changes in the armature current. The separately excited DC motor was sometimes used in DC traction motors to facilitate control of wheel slip. F- Universal Motor Universal Motor The universal motor is a rotating electrical machine similar to DC series motor, designed to operate either from AD or DC source. The stator & rotor windings of the motor are connected in series through the rotor commutator. The series motor is designed to move large loads with high torque in applications such as crane motor or lift hoist. G- Servo Motors Servo Motors Servo Motors are mechanical devices that can be instructed to move the output shaft attached to a servo wheel or arm to a specified position. Servo Motors are designed for applications involving position control, velocity control and torque control. Servo Motors Components A servo motor mainly consists of a DC motor, gear system, a position sensor which is mostly a potentiometer, and control electronics. Servo Motors Applications In the next Topic, I will explain the Brushless DC Motor (BDLC) & AC Motors Types. So, please keep following. Note: these topics about Motors in this course EE-1: Beginner's electrical design course is an introduction only for beginners to know general basic information about Motors and Pumps as a type of Power loads. But in other levels of our electrical design courses, we will show and explain in detail the Motor and Pumps Loads calculations.
Want to get into the world of Industrial Automation? Then you'll want to learn how to program PLCs. Here are the best online courses that can help you learn Ladder Logic and PLCs to enhance your automation skills.
Design a PLC program to control the liquid level in a tank. A level transmitter is used to measure the tank level in 4 to 20 mA current signal.
ENUNCIADO PRÁCTICA 17. Existe una lámpara que se encenderá a través de un pulsador. Este tiene una pulsación corta (se mantiene enc...
ENUNCIADO PRÁCTICA 14. Se trata de una persiana que consta de dos pulsadores y dos finales de carrera, uno de subida y otro de bajada....
Clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) operation of a motor from the same push button PLC program.
