This book provides a comprehensive scientific report on the pycnogonids, a group of marine arthropods found across the globe. The report is based on specimens collected during the scientific expedition of HMS Challenger, one of the most significant scientific voyages of the 19th century. This book will be of interest to marine biologists, zoologists, and anyone interested in the history of scientific discovery. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. | Author: Anonymous | Publisher: Legare Street Press | Publication Date: Jul 18, 2023 | Number of Pages: 170 pages | Language: English | Binding: Paperback | ISBN-10: 1021321044 | ISBN-13: 9781021321046
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The Annual of Scientific Discovery is an 1852 yearbook that contains a compilation of scientific and technological discoveries and advancements in the field of art. This book is perfect for those who enjoy reading about scientific discoveries throughout history. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. | Author: Charles Robert Cross Joh Ames Wells | Publisher: Legare Street Press | Publication Date: Jul 18, 2023 | Number of Pages: 430 pages | Language: English | Binding: Paperback | ISBN-10: 1021959464 | ISBN-13: 9781021959461
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大部份人應該都遇過自己在腦海中與自己對話的情況。 moma.org 也許你在超市買日常用品時一直在想好像有什麼東西還沒買，結果想到牛奶就會跟自己說「對啦，就是牛奶！」又或許你下午要跟老闆開會，上午你就在模擬情境，思考老闆會問你什麼問題，你又會怎麼回答。這種與自己對話溝通的現象就被心理學家稱之為「內在語言 (Inner Speech)」，而自從心理學研究的開始這就一直是大家急著想要探討的議題。 在1930年代，俄羅斯心理學家Lev Vygotsky就爭辯說內在語言是透過「外在語言」，也就是真正講出口的話語，內化之後就變成了內在語言。如果他的這個論點屬實，內在語言跟外在語言在腦袋中使用的機制又是一樣的嗎？ cancer.ca 我們大約一世紀以來都知道內在語言是伴隨著喉頭裡微小的肌肉動作一同進行的，用來偵測出來的則是一種叫做「肌電圖」的技術。在1990年代，神經學家就用了功能性神經造影來證實像是說出話時會活動的布洛卡區，其實在內在語言發生時也會跟著活動起來。進一步了解時就會發現，如果利用腦部刺激技巧去打斷布洛卡區內的活動就會同時干擾到外在與內在語言。 廣告1 因此，內在與外在語言所利用的腦部機制是一樣的，這個論點似乎已經被證明出來了。 brianandfeliciawhite.com 不過，科學家們還有疑點的是，實驗中請人執行內在語言的自我溝通時好像又跟我們日常生活中面對的經驗是不太一樣的。畢竟，要在條件控制好的科學實驗狀態下請人進行「內在語言」太不貼近真實狀況了，因為這原本就屬於人類私底下會發生的行為，所以整體研究下來很難達到科學家真正想要的效果！ 一般來說，研究都會請試驗者在腦袋裡重複念幾句話或有時候會請他們數數看電腦螢幕上出現的字的音節數。 thechronicalherald.ca 但問題是，這些試驗方法跟生活中活用的內在語言差別就在於「隨機性」與「對話品質 (像是與老闆對話)」及「驅使用途 (像是需要買牛奶這件事)」！儘管每個人內在語言的經驗都不大相同 (就能曾有人說自己腦中並沒有這種「對話」) ，明顯可看出的是，內在語言是個十分複雜、多層面的現象。 廣告2 那我們又為何一定得去了解自我對話時腦袋的運作模式呢？ epicvictories.com 有其中一個原因是，了解內在語言的核心資訊就能進一步了解更多不尋常的內心表現。例如，心理學家曾爭辯說「幻聽」有可能只是內在語言的形式之一，但因為我們不夠了解就把這歸類為一種病態。神經學家就曾發現支持這個論點的有力證據，當他們試著掃描有幻聽情況的人腦時，就發現幻聽在腦中活動的區塊跟內在語言一樣。 但如果我們真想去了解幻聽與內在語言之差就得了解自我對話的一般形式到底為何。 neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com 近期有一芬蘭研究指出，利用功能性磁振造影時就會發現有幻聽的人幻聽時與刻意去想像自己幻聽的時候主要差異就在於運動輔助區 (控制身體活動的區域) 的活動率高低。當試驗者幻聽時運動輔助區的活動率比較低，這就符合之前的推論－認定某種活動或是話語是從自身而來的，就可能是透過運動皮質區的訊號傳送到感官區而形成的。 當然，上述講的這些都不是在說了解腦袋裡發生的事是唯一或是最重要的幻聽研究方法。 bermancenter.org 我們必須同時了解的是那種實際體驗幻聽時的感受，這樣才能去幫助受苦於此的人，也能判斷到底幻聽到什麼程度才是真正需要醫療協助的！但要做這些事前，我們無疑必須先了解的就是一般的內在語言到底是怎麼樣，而其潛在的神經科學就是「去了解」的第一步啊！ 來源：The Guardian 腦袋實在太複雜了啊，至少我們稍微了解了「內在語言」背後的科學真相啊！
Learn about strategies to address the replication crisis, like reproducibility projects, open science initiatives, and statistical reforms.
