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“It has always been the prime function of mythology and rite to supply the symbols that carry the human spirit forward.”
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The "New" Rite of Exorcism Certain reformations have been made over the last few hundred years to the ritual itself, the last being made in 1952. But not until the 1990's was a commission of Vatican theologians and liturgists put together to come up with a new manual of exorcism. A new 90-page set of instructions, De Exorcismus et Supplicantionibus Quibustam. It was presented in October of 1998. In the eyes of the Vatican this replaces the old procedures established in 1614 by Pope Paul V. (De Exorcismus et supplicationibus quibusdam) ( Below are a few articles that were released during the 1999 issuing of the new rite.) Catholic World News – January 1999 VATICAN RELEASES NEW RITE FOR EXORCISM VATICAN (CWNews.com) -- The Devil exists. That unpopular reality is brought into sharp focus by the promulgation of a new rite of exorcism for the Catholic Church. De Exorcismus et supplicationibus quibusdam, approved by Pope John Paul II on October 1, 1998, was formally released by the Vatican on January 26. The document sets out a new and precise liturgical form for the rite of exorcism. The 84-page form, introduced by the Congregation Divine Worship, was published entirely in Latin; the episcopal conferences of different nations may now prepare their own versions in the vernacular languages. This new Vatican document clearly recognizes both the existence of the Devil and the reality of diabolical possession. In a short introduction, the document calls attention to the existence of both "angelic creatures" and others "called demons, who are opposed to God." Since the influence of the demonic can become apparent in people, places, or things, the document continues, the Church "has prayed, and continues to pray, that men will be freed from the snares of the Devil." The new rite confirms "the victory of Christ and the power of the Church over the demons." It points to the rites in the Christian tradition: the "minor exorcism" of catechumens prior to their baptism and the major exorcisms conducted according to this ritual. The latter are designed to "drive out demons, or bring freedom from demonic influence, through the spiritual authority which Jesus confided in his Church." The liturgical ritual itself is centered on supplicatory prayers, asking for God's help, and "imperative" prayers addressed directly to the Devil, commanding him to depart. The prayers are to be said as the exorcist lays his hand on the individual, and are part of an overall ritual which includes specific blessings and sprinklings with holy water. The ritual also includes the litany of the saints, the reading of the Psalms and the Gospel, and a proclamation of faith which may be either the familiar Creed or a simple question-and-answer ("Do you renounce Satan? I do."). The ritual concludes with the kissing of the Cross, and the final prayer, proclaiming the triumph of Christ and his Church. The new ritual for exorcism replaces one which was promulgated as part of the Roman Ritual of 1614. The Second Vatican Council called for the revision of that Ritual, which has been accomplished in stages during the past 30 years; the rite of exorcism was the last of the new rituals to be introduced. In introducing the new document to reporters in Rome, Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estevez, the prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship, said that the rite has not been greatly changed from the earlier ritual. He added that while there are "very few cases" in which the rite is used, the rite of exorcism-- which can only be used under the guidance of the local bishop, and with the consent of the person suffering diabolical possession-- remains necessary because the Devil is a reality. He cautioned that while many Catholics today no longer profess belief in the Devil, that belief "is not a matter of opinion which one can accept or reject; it is an element of faith and Catholic doctrine." NCCB – Newsletter, Committee on the Liturgy (Volume XXXV, Jan. - Feb. 1999) New Rite of Exorcism On January 26, 1999, Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estevez, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, announced that on November 22, 1998, the Solemnity of Christ the King, he had signed a decree by which a revised editio typica latina of De Exorcismis (Rite of Exorcism) was to be published. In response to article 79 of Sacrosanctum Concilium, this rite was revised to replace Chapter XII of the former Latin Roman Ritual, and will eventually be published in vernacular editions for use by the Church throughout the world. This rite may be used by priests who have been given a specific faculty to do so by the diocesan bishop. The Wanderer – 4 February 1999 Cardinal Medina Says New Rite Of Exorcism Similar To Old VATICAN CITY (VIS) Jorge Arturo Cardinal Medina Estevez, prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, on Jan. 26th presented at the Holy See Press Office the new rite of exorcism of the Roman Book of Rites. Cardinal Medina began by stating that the person's capacity to welcome God is "blurred by sin, and at times evil occupies the place where God wishes to dwell. For this reason, Jesus Christ came to liberate the person from the dominion of evil and sin.... Jesus Christ drove out demons and liberated people who were possessed with evil spirits to make space for Him in that person. "Exorcism is an old and particular form of prayer which the Church uses against the power of the Devil," he continued. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (n. 1673) explains that exorcism is directed at "the expulsion of demons or to the liberation from demonic possession through the spiritual authority which Jesus entrusted to His Church." According to the rite of exorcism, continued the cardinal prefect, there are various criteria to know if we are dealing with demonic possession: "Speaking with a great number of words from unknown languages, or understanding them, making known things either distant or hidden, showing strength beyond one's situation, together with vehement aversion toward God, our Lady, the cross, and holy pictures." "To perform an exorcism," he stressed, "authorization from the diocesan bishop is required, which can be given for a specific case, or rather in a general and permanent way to the priest who has the ministry of exorcist in the diocese." Cardinal Medina said that the Roman Book of Rites contained in the last chapter the indications and liturgical text of the exorcisms, but "it had not been revised since Vatican Council II." After ten years of work, the current text was approved by the Pontiff. Once the translations of the ritual are completed in different languages, they will be submitted "for the recognition of the [Sacred] Congregation for Divine Worship." In the current book of rites there is "the rite of exorcism itself, and "the prayers which must be publicly recited . . . when it is prudently deemed that there is an influence of Satan over places, objects, or people, without having arrived at the phase of possession itself. In addition, there is a series of prayers which the faithful must pray privately when they believe that they are subject to demonic influences." "Exorcism has its departure point in the faith of the Church, according to which Satan and other evil spirits exist. . . . Catholic doctrine teaches us that demons are fallen angels as a result of their sin, and that they are spiritual beings with great intelligence and power." The prefect of the congregation, recalling with The Catechism of the Catholic Church that "the power of Satan is not infinite," said however that God's allowing us to be tempted "is a great mystery." In conclusion, he emphasized that "the harmful influence of the Devil and his evil spirits is normally exercised through deception, falsehoods, lies, and confusion. As Jesus is the Truth, the Devil is the liar par excellence. Lies have always been, right from the beginning, his preferred strategy." In answer to a question, Cardinal Medina explained that "there is great continuity between the old and the new rites, there are no radical changes. The language is more somber and fewer adjectives are used; however, the expression of faith in the power of God to expel the Devil is the same in both cases. A Closer Look The New Rite of Exorcism The Influence of the Evil One by Father X – Summer 2002 In his famous discourse of June 30, 1972, Pope Paul VI said that he sensed "that from somewhere or other, the smoke of Satan has entered the temple of God." Nowhere has this been more evident than in the disastrous revision of the blessings of the Church in De Benedictionibus, the so-called "Book of Blessings,"1 approved in 1984. In the original Latin this defective book scandalously refuses to bless objects, but only persons. The example of Christ our Lord in blessing things (e.g., Matt. 14:19; 26:26; Mk. 6:41; 8:7; 14:22; Lk. 9:16; 24:30) obviously carried no weight with the liturgists who wrote that book. The official General Introduction to the Book of Blessings informs us: "At times the Church also blesses objects and places connected with human activity or liturgical life, or connected with piety and devotion - but always, however, with a view to the people who use those objects and are engaged in those places" (Praenotanda Generalia, 12). This explanation is dishonest, in that it gives only half a reason for blessing things, and because it conceals the fact that the book of blessings, with a few exceptions, systematically refuses to bless things. It is a book of non-blessings. To take but one example, the "blessing" of holy water outside of Mass contains no actual blessing of the water. The closest thing to it is a prayer to God asking for certain effects by the use of this water. The so-called "Prayer of blessing" (in Latin and English) refrains from using the word "bless" even once, and there is no Sign of the Cross made over the water. The Devil must have laughed when that "Book of Blessings" was issued. The traditional exorcism of water and salt, and all the other Roman Ritual's traditional prayers against the devil and his influence were almost completely abolished. On three occasions only is a thing blessed. These three exceptions in Latin are for meals, church bells and cemeteries. In the American edition, the same things appear; also chalice and paten (found in Latin in the Pontifical); also two other places in which the alternative rite (not in the Latin) does bless an object.2 (The blessing of holy water within Mass does contain an actual blessing of the water.) The treatment of blessings in the Catechism (#1671-2) speaks of blessings of persons, places and things. But this is belied, as I have said, by the Latin text of De Benedictionibus, the "Book of Blessings," so called. When the definitive Latin text of the Catechism was issued in 1997, with the paragraph saying that the Church blesses things, a priest friend wrote to Cardinal Ratzinger pointing out that the lex orandi and the lex credendi were at odds, and asked a question: "Can we expect a revision of the Book of Blessings in the light of the definitive text of the Catechism?" Of course, this is a reversal of the traditional practice and view of things: one is meant to pass from the Church's practice to a formulation of the Church's faith. But, if it will do good, the reversal has become a necessity. What lies behind this change to the rites of blessings? Clearly, a loss of sense of the power of the priesthood - a desire, even, to overthrow sacerdotal mediation, to reduce the priest from an instrument of Christ, clothed with the authority of Jesus Christ, to a mere prayer, on the same level as that of any lay person. The retention of the title "Blessings" means nothing: as we know, All Souls' Day is No Souls' Day, even in the original Latin, where the word for soul (anima) has been suppressed in the prayers of November 2.3 The New Rite of Exorcism The same mentality has been at work in the revised Rite of Exorcism, promulgated in January 1999, De Exorcismis et Supplicationibus Quibusdam.4 This was intimated by the defective definition of exorcism in the 1992 Catechism at #1673, unchanged in the Latin text that came out five years later: "When the Church asks publicly and authoritatively in the name of Jesus Christ that a person or object be protected against the power of the Evil One and withdrawn from his dominion, it is called exorcism." Let us read that definition again, with emphases added: "When the Church asks publicly and authoritatively in the name of Jesus Christ that a person or object be protected against the power of the Evil One and withdrawn from his dominion, it is called exorcism." Notice the use of the word asks, and the use of the passive voice. The text says that the Church asks for this person or object to be protected. Asks whom? For protection by whom? Obviously, God. So, according to this, an exorcism is: asking God to free someone from the devil. But, despite what this text implies, an exorcism is not a prayer to God; exorcism is a command issued to the Devil in the name of God. The very word exorcism tells you that - exorcizo, I adjure. To adjure, as the Oxford Dictionary defines it, is to charge or entreat someone solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse. No one can adjure God, but a minister of God can adjure a demon. The Ritual for Exorcism of 1614 (which until January 1999 was the only officially published text for Latin rite exorcists) does contain prefatory prayers to God to ask that a person be delivered - but then under the subheading of "Exorcism" itself, the exorcist orders the demon to depart. "Exorcizo te, immundissime spiritus.in nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi" - "I exorcize you, unclean spirit.in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ." He uses other imperatives addressed to the demon, such as recede, da locum, exi, discede (withdraw, give way, exit, depart). The new ritual scandalously gives the priest a choice of two forms of exorcism, which it calls "deprecatory" and "imperative." "Deprecatory" means a prayer to God, in this case to ask Him to deliver the demoniac. "Imperative" means a command issued to the demon in the name of God to depart. The imperative formula is a real exorcism, but the deprecatory form is not an exorcism at all. A prayer is a request to God; an exorcism is a command to a demon. The so-called "deprecatory exorcism" is simply a petitionary prayer to God. It is not an exorcism. (If it is an exorcism, then the final petition of the Lord's Prayer, "deliver us from evil," would also be an exorcism!) As with the so-called "exorcism" in the modern Rite of Baptism, simply placing the sub-heading Exorcism does not make what follows an exorcism. What is extremely worrying is that, according to the new rubrics, the deprecatory form must always be used, but the second form, the imperative, is an optional extra. What lies behind this change? The same denigration of the priesthood described above. It is a true Protestantization: the reduction of the ordained priest to the level of the common priesthood. It is the fruit of embarrassment about the visible priesthood. It is the mentality that is at work when a priest says at the end of Mass: "May Almighty God bless us.." When a priest does that, he is losing his identity, and is uncomfortable about the fact that he is different, and that he can confer blessings. Here is an extract from one of the new deprecatory formulas: O God, creator and defender of the human race, look upon this Your servant, whom You did make in Your own image and call to share in Your glory.. Hear, holy Father, the cry of the Church suppliant: let not Your child be possessed by the father of lies; let not Your servant, whom Christ has redeemed by His blood, to be held in the captivity of the devil; let not a temple of Your Spirit be inhabited by the unclean spirit. Hear, O merciful God, the prayers of the blessed Virgin Mary, whose Son, dying upon the Cross, crushed the head of the serpent of old and entrusted all men to His mother as sons: let the light of truth shine upon this Your servant, let the joy of peace enter into him, let the Spirit of holiness possess him, and by inhabiting him render him serene and pure. Hear, O Lord, the supplication of blessed Michael the Archangel and of all the Angels ministering unto You: God of hosts, drive back the force of the devil; God of truth and favor, remove his deceitful wiles; God of freedom and grace, break the bonds of iniquity. Hear, O God, lover of man's salvation.free this servant from every alien power. As we can see, this is merely a petitionary prayer. Here is an extract from one of the new imperative formulas: I adjure you, Satan, enemy of man's salvation, acknowledge the justice and goodness of God the Father, who by just judgment has damned your pride and envy: depart from this servant of God, whom the Lord has made in His own image, adorned with His gifts, and has mercifully adopted as His child. I adjure you, Satan, prince of this world, acknowledge the power and strength of Jesus Christ, who conquered you in the desert, overcame you in the garden, despoiled you on the Cross, and rising from the tomb, transferred your victims to the kingdom of light.. I adjure you, Satan, deceiver of the human race, acknowledge the Spirit of truth and grace, who repels your snares and confounds your lies: depart from this creature of God, whom He has signed by the heavenly seal; withdraw from this man whom God has made a holy temple by a spiritual unction. Leave, therefore, Satan, in the name of the Father + and of the Son + and of the Holy + Spirit; leave through the faith and the prayer of the Church; leave through the sign of the holy Cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns for ever and ever. Amen. As one can see, this optional formula is an exorcism proper. In the former rite, there were prayers to God asking for deliverance, but they were always followed by exorcisms proper. Changes to the Old Directives to the Exorcist Other things are of great concern in this new ritual. The Ritual of 1614 contains 21 directives for the exorcist, a magnificent distillation of the accumulated wisdom and experience of the Church. The new preface never gets to the point about the manner of proceeding. The former directives 4-6, 8-9, 13-17, 19-20 have no equivalent in the new ritual's preface. This means that most (12) of the 21 are deleted. The following former directives have no parallel in the new introduction: 4. In order to better test these signs [of possession], the priest should question the demoniac after one or other exorcism as to what he feels in his mind or body, so that in this way he can also learn which words more greatly disturb the demons, so as then to bear down on them and repeat them all the more. 5. The priest should stay alert for tricks and deceptions that demons use to mislead the exorcist. For they will give false answers as much as possible, and show themselves only with difficulty, in order that the exorcist at length become worn out and give up the exorcism; or the ill person might appear not to be harassed by the devil. 6. Occasionally, after they appear, the demons hide and leave the body almost free of all disturbance, so that the ill person might think he is completely freed. But the exorcist should not stop until he sees the signs of liberation. 8. Some demons point out an act of witchcraft which has been done [to cause possession], by whom it was done, and the way to undo it; but the demoniac should be careful not to have recourse to sorcerers, fortune-tellers, or other such persons, on this account, but should go to the ministers of the Church rather than use any superstitious or otherwise illicit means. 9. Sometimes the devil grants the sick person relief and permits him to receive the Holy Eucharist so that he might seem to have departed. In short, there are countless devices and tricks of the devil to deceive man, which the exorcist should beware, lest he be deceived. 13. .Also relics of Saints, where available, safely and properly fastened and covered, may be reverently applied to the chest or head of the possessed. Care must be taken that the sacred objects are not improperly handled or harmed in any way by the demon. Because of danger of irreverence, the Holy Eucharist should not be placed upon the head of the possessed person or elsewhere on his body. 14. The exorcist should not engage in a great deal of talking or ask unnecessary or curious questions, especially concerning future or secret matters not pertaining to his task. But he should command the unclean spirit to be silent, except to answer his questions. Nor should he believe the demon if he pretends to be the soul of some Saint or deceased person or a good Angel. 15. However, there are necessary questions, for example, concerning the number and names of the possessing spirits, the time and reason they entered, and other things of this sort. The exorcist should restrain or spurn the rest of the devil's nonsense, laughter and foolishness, and advise those present, who should be few, that they must not pay attention to these things nor question the possessed person, but rather humbly and earnestly pray to God for him. 16. The exorcist should read and carry out the exorcism with strength, authority, great faith, humility and fervor, and when he sees that the spirit is especially tormented, then he should persist and bear down all the more. And whenever he sees that the possessed person is being disturbed in some part of his body, or stung, or that a swelling appears somewhere, he should make the sign of the cross on that area and sprinkle it with holy water which should be on hand. 17. He is also to observe at which words the demons tremble more, and then he should repeat these words more often. When he reaches the threatening words, he should say them repeatedly, always increasing the punishment. If he sees that he is making progress, he should continue for two, three, or four hours, or even longer if he can, until he obtains the victory. 19. If he is exorcising a woman, he should always have persons of integrity with him to hold the possessed person while she is agitated by the demon. These people should be close relatives of the suffering woman if possible. Mindful of decency, the exorcist should be careful not to say or do anything which could be an occasion of an evil thought to himself or the others. 20. While he is exorcising, he should use the words of Sacred Scripture rather than his own or someone else's. He should command the demon to tell him if he is held in that body because of some magic, or sorcerer's signs or devices. If the possessed person has consumed things of this sort orally, he should vomit them up. If they are elsewhere outside his body, he should reveal where they are, and once found, they are to be burned. The possessed person should also be advised to make known all his temptations to the exorcist. These crucial directives, followed by exorcists for 385 years, have no parallel in the new introduction. The preface explicitly says that lay people may not say any of the prayers of exorcism, and repeats the old directive that exorcism is not to be conducted in public. It adds the rule (a welcome addition) that exorcism is not to be open to any communications media; and the exorcist and any assistants are not to speak publicly before or after the exorcism about what took place. Other Changes This article is not meant to be an exhaustive analysis of the new rite of exorcism. Many of the prayers and rites are perfectly acceptable in themselves: the new rite contains a prefatory prayer, blessing of holy water, Litany of the Saints, a Psalm, a Gospel reading (the Prologue of St. John, or a text in which Christ rejects the devil or expels demons), imposition of hands over the demoniac, Profession of Faith or renewal of Baptismal promises with renunciation of Satan; the Our Father, the Sign of the Cross on the possessed person; and, after deliverance, the Magnificat followed by other prayers and a blessing. Laughable, however, are the references, in the prefatory decree, to Sacrosanctum Concilium of Vatican II - as if the Council had called for a revised, updated exorcism to allow full conscious participation by the laity! The only conceivable allusion to exorcism in the Vatican II decree on the liturgy is where it says the sacramentals will be revised - but the clear proof that the bishops never had exorcism in mind is seen from the reason given for revision. The one and only relevant sentence here says: "The sacramentals are to be revised, account being taken of the primary principle of the intelligent, actual and easy participation of the faithful" (art. 79). Since exorcism, new and old, must be conducted away from the faithful, the principle of intelligent, actual and easy participation is irrelevant. Once again, the liturgical decree is cited as the basis for something never intended. Dishonest is the use of the word instauratum (restored) in the subheading of the title page: the new exorcism ritual is in no way a restoration. It is a fabrication. The Latin should have read fabricatum or innovatum or maybe concoctum! The preface provides for translation of the rite into myriad languages - but what on earth for? If an exorcist does not know enough Latin to perform the prayers in Latin, he should not be appointed to the office. The preface at no. 13 quotes canon 1172 saying that an exorcist should be, inter alia, "outstanding in knowledge" - but how could that be said of a priest who cannot say or follow very simple texts and prayers in Latin? As well, given charismatics' predilection for exorcisms and "deliverance," it is highly imprudent to make the Church's official exorcism prayers available to all and sundry in every language, when only a tiny proportion of priests need to use them. With the promulgation of the new exorcism ritual, the Athanasian Creed has now officially disappeared from any Catholic ritual. In the 1960s, its frequency was reduced in the Breviary and finally it was abolished from it. The rite of exorcism was the last surviving ceremony in the Church where the Athanasian Creed was recited. Now it is gone. This is a serious loss, and there was no good reason why it was replaced by a choice between the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed. Another innovation, but a welcome one, in the new Ritual for Exorcism, is an exorcism to be used for a place or thing, something not specifically present in the former Ritual. (Herbert Thurston S.J.'s book Ghosts and Poltergeists5 has an appendix containing his English translation of an "Exorcism of a house troubled by an evil spirit," which he found in the Appendix of an edition of the Roman Ritual printed in Madrid in 1631, published with the authorization of the Inquisition. Father Thurston evidently thought this was a worthwhile ceremony to have.) This new rite for a place or thing also requires permission from the bishop before being used. Again, however, in this ceremony, the imperative formula, the true exorcism, is to be added, only if the priest wishes. Conclusion Well-informed people may wonder how it is that such innovative and defective things can be promulgated by someone like Cardinal Medina Estevez. They wonder, too, how Cardinal Ratzinger can let certain things go on, and not reverse them by a new document, and so on. It is important to remember that the Sacred Congregations are composed of voting members, all of whom are Bishops. They have plenty of advisers and experts, but only Bishops are actual members. When the time comes for handing down a public decision, promulgating a document, and the like, these things are put to a vote of the members. Cardinal Ratzinger does not have single-handed and complete control over the Holy Office, which has 21 bishop members (cf. Annuario Pontificio). The same applies to the other Cardinal Prefects. Suppose Cardinal Medina Estevez wanted to abolish some banal Swiss eucharistic prayers, for example. He does not have the authority to draw up a decree abolishing them single-handedly. The 34 bishop members of the Congregation for Divine Worship would have to vote on it. Possibly, certain decisions require a two-thirds majority - who knows? According to the president of the International Association of Exorcists, Father Gabriele Amorth (30 Days, no. 6, 2001), when the new rite was ready, Cardinals Ratzinger and Medina sought to add a provision in its introduction authorizing the use of the previous rite. This move of theirs was rejected, so Cardinal Medina issued a separate notification that an exorcist can use the old rite if his bishop asks the Congregation for Divine Worship, who will "gladly provide the requested permission" (Notitiae, vol. 35, 1999). The new rite will one day itself be subject to a true restoration, which will restore to the obligatory texts of the exorcist the true nature of his office. Thank you Phantasm Psychic Research!
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A short summary of the book 41 - A Portrait of My Father: Let me tell you about my dad, the 41st president. My favorite George H.W. Bush ...
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Item specificsConditionNew with box: A brand-new, unused, unworn and undamaged item in its original packaging (such as the ... Read moreabout the conditionNew with box: A brand-new, unused, unworn and undamaged item in its original packaging (such as the original box or bag) and/or with the original tags attached. See all condition definitionsopens in a new window or tab EU Shoe SizeEUR 31ModelImpulsiveColourBlackDepartmentGirlsStyleSchool ShoesShoe Shaft StyleHigh TopSeasonAutumn, Spring, WinterOutsole MaterialRubberHeel HeightLow (2.5-4.9 cm)Performance/ActivitySchoolTypeCasualUpper MaterialLeatherVintageNoInsole MaterialFoamBrandSTART RITEUK Shoe SizeUK 12.5Shoe WidthWLining MaterialLeatherCustomisedNo
Living far away from the Midwest and therefore far away from Maid-Rite doesn’t mean you can’t enjoy the flavor sensation which are Maid-Rite sliders. This recipe is as close to the original as possibly and is one of the best things you can do with beef and bread rolls.
There are many things we miss about being a kid. But we get most choked up by the loss of some of our favorite candies. Do you remember these?
Russian Orthodox Pectoral Cross. Luxury gift for The Priest. Silver plated Brass. The Stones are Zirconium. Chain and case Included. Cast crucifix, white enamel. Dimensions: W x H : 13.5 cm x 5.2 cm / 5.31" x 2.05". It is possible to change the color of stones, enamel, make a cross in silver. Production time 2-3 weeks. Similar products: https://www.etsy.com/listing/915137527/pectoral-cross-crucifix-of-jesus-russian?ref=shop_home_active_68&pro=1&frs=1 https://www.etsy.com/listing/901221740/orthodox-priest-cross-russian-pectoral?ref=shop_home_active_72&pro=1&frs=1 Made in Ukraine. We are the manufacturer of this item. We are located in Ukraine, the city of Kharkov. Each product is made from high quality materials. Each cross is processed by hands, decorated with the finest carvings. 100% quality We use high-quality materials, combine machine and manual labor to create unique Orthodox products that retain their impeccable appearance for many years. Variety of products. The assortment of over 250 items of Orthodox goods. We are constantly expanding the range of products and produce custom products to order. Russian Orthodox Pectoral cross with Cast crucifix. Worn by bishops on a chain near his chest. For all questions, please, write me messages. Always glad to communicate. Thank you and God Bless.
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