Wikipedia word of the day is merlon : (architecture, military, historical) Any of the upright projections between the embrasures of a battlement,...

https://youtu.be/soFII6pEPDw After the war this Regelbau 634 bunker was used by the electricity company. Armoured copula with six embrasures for machine guns. The sides of the copula are 25 cm thick. The muzzle of the machine gun was mounted in a ball head which fitted exactly into the embrasures. When the embrasures were not in…

Update: I revisited my model, improving many little things, for example the round tower, the crenellations, the tower's embrasures and stability. All ...

Toutes les informations sur l'ouvrage désigné 42 dans notre inventaire. Un Regelbau 634, abri de combat avec cloche cuirassée à 6 embrasures

Atlantic Wall Regelbau 634 - Combat bunker with 6 Embrasure Armoured Copula Iron Turret. Armoured copula with six embrasures for machine guns. The sides of the copula are 25 cm thick. The muzzle of the machine gun was mounted in a ball head which fitted exactly into the embrasures. When the embrasures were not in use, they could be closed with heavy shutters. The hole in the top of the copula was for a periscope for surveying the terrain around the bunker. #bunker #Atlantikwall #Regelbau

Medieval Castle of the Holy Roman Empire. “1 Moat, 2 Drawbridge, 3 Wicket, 4 Merlons, 5 Embrasures, 6 Rampart, 7 Portcullis, 8 Donjon or Keep, 9 Turret, 10 Escutcheon.” -Foster, 1921

St Catherine’s Fort lies on a small island just off the coast of Tenby in West Wales. It was built in the 1870 to protect the Pembrokeshire coast from possible invasion by France. There are gun embrasures down both the Northern and Southern sides. It was never called to action and was eventually sold and has been many things since including a zoo.

After the war this Regelbau 634 bunker was used by the electricity company. YouTube Video 1 YouTube Video 2 YouTube Channel Armoured copula with six embrasures for machine guns. The sides of the copula are 25 cm thick. The muzzle of the machine gun was mounted in a ball head which fitted exactly into the embrasures. When the embrasures were not in use, they could be closed with heavy shutters. The hole in the top of the copula was for a periscope for surveying the terrain around the bunker. The copula is part of a type Regelbau 634 bunker. The copula is 25 cm thick, whereas the walls and ceiling are 2 m thick and offered the soldiers good protection against bombardment. In the bunker was an ammunition room and bunks for the crew of nine soldiers. In the Iron tower there was a shooter and a helper to operate the MG 34 machine gun, which was mounted on a special foot (M.G.-Schartenlafette 34 Ks) and with the round armor attachment locked so that there were armor in the shooting cut, In the middle of the tower was a periscope so that it could be observed in all directions. mounted in a special condition, so that there were armor in the shooting cut. This bunker Type was designed by the Heere for 'The army'. This bunker Type is part of the Regelbau program in the second world war. #bunker #Atlantikwall #Regelbau

After the war this Regelbau 634 bunker was used by the electricity company. YouTube Video 1 YouTube Video 2 YouTube Channel Armoured copula with six embrasures for machine guns. The sides of the copula are 25 cm thick. The muzzle of the machine gun was mounted in a ball head which fitted exactly into the embrasures. When the embrasures were not in use, they could be closed with heavy shutters. The hole in the top of the copula was for a periscope for surveying the terrain around the bunker. The copula is part of a type Regelbau 634 bunker. The copula is 25 cm thick, whereas the walls and ceiling are 2 m thick and offered the soldiers good protection against bombardment. In the bunker was an ammunition room and bunks for the crew of nine soldiers. In the Iron tower there was a shooter and a helper to operate the MG 34 machine gun, which was mounted on a special foot (M.G.-Schartenlafette 34 Ks) and with the round armor attachment locked so that there were armor in the shooting cut, In the middle of the tower was a periscope so that it could be observed in all directions. mounted in a special condition, so that there were armor in the shooting cut. This bunker Type was designed by the Heere for 'The army'. This bunker Type is part of the Regelbau program in the second world war. #bunker #Atlantikwall #Regelbau

After the war this Regelbau 634 bunker was used by the electricity company. YouTube Video 1 YouTube Video 2 YouTube Channel Armoured copula with six embrasures for machine guns. The sides of the copula are 25 cm thick. The muzzle of the machine gun was mounted in a ball head which fitted exactly into the embrasures. When the embrasures were not in use, they could be closed with heavy shutters. The hole in the top of the copula was for a periscope for surveying the terrain around the bunker. The copula is part of a type Regelbau 634 bunker. The copula is 25 cm thick, whereas the walls and ceiling are 2 m thick and offered the soldiers good protection against bombardment. In the bunker was an ammunition room and bunks for the crew of nine soldiers. In the Iron tower there was a shooter and a helper to operate the MG 34 machine gun, which was mounted on a special foot (M.G.-Schartenlafette 34 Ks) and with the round armor attachment locked so that there were armor in the shooting cut, In the middle of the tower was a periscope so that it could be observed in all directions. mounted in a special condition, so that there were armor in the shooting cut. This bunker Type was designed by the Heere for 'The army'. This bunker Type is part of the Regelbau program in the second world war. #bunker #Atlantikwall #Regelbau

Two earthen bulwarks with ditch and bank connecting Deal Castle with Sandown Castle,Kent,1539 This illustration shows a view looking from Deal northwards to Sandown Castle,which is still under construction.The earthwork defences comprising ditch and bank were built prior to the construction of the masonry forts. Soldiers are shown manning earthworks and guns within the two circular earthwork forts with embrasures (the Little Turf Bulwark and the Great Turf Bulwark). In the far distance, work

KING JOHN'S CASTLE, CARLINGFORD King John is supposed to have stayed in this castle for three days in 1210. It was probably built a few years earlier by Hugh de Lacy. The earliest part is the D-shaped curtain wall in the W. This had a rectangular gatehouse ansd a square SW flanking tower. Portions of the N tower of the gatehouse still remain. The curtain wall is well provoded with deep embrasures with narrow defensive slits. During the second half of the 13th century a l

Maybe not the last of the many castle-villages in Umbria, but certainly one of the most picturesque, pink limestone gem, Collepino, slumbers on a mountainside above Spello in almost monastic quiet. Befitting: Collepino has an ancient link to a monastery, for medieval Collepino was once a defensive stronghold, protecting a nearby eleventh-century Benedictine abbey, San Silvestero.. Embrasures in the outer walls - slit-like openings for the shooting of crossbows - and the crumbling remnants of a medieval guard tower give testament to a bellicose era. read more...

La tour des Dame est la première des tours d’artillerie à Douai. Elle est construite à partir de 1426 à l'angle Nord-Ouest de la 3ème enceinte fortifiée de Douai sur une partie des terrains appartenant à l'abbaye des Près. Elle remplace l'ancienne tour du Dich qui protégeait les vannes de retenue des eaux. Elle est construite en pierre d’Antoing pour les fondations et les marches de l’escalier à vis. On utilise le grès des carrières de Bugnicourt pour les parements externes et la brique pour les voûtes et les parements internes. Elle mesure 15 m de diamètre avec des murs de 4 m d’épaisseur. Elle possède quatre embrasures de tirs. Le second niveau était couvert d’une terrasse bordée d’un parapet à mâchicoulis. La tour avait 20 m de hauteur avec des combles établis en retrait sur la terrasse. La tour est décapitée en 1579 suivant les ordres de Charles Quint. Les flancs sont percés de deux archères canonnières.

The delightfully eccentric gardens of Roseburg are founded on the remains of a 16th century castle, occupying a limestone ridge in foothills of the Harz. The site was acquired in 1905 by the architect Bernhard Sehring (1855-1941), who began to turn it into a true folly loosely modeled as a mock medieval fortification including turrets, drawbridges and 1600 meters of perimeter wall with embrasures. Later additions expanded the gardens across the site, were elements of renaissance, mannerist, baroque and landscape garden styles are mixed at will and combined with art deco architectural gestures. A belvedere tower, with an open air library and mausoleum grotto, is placed at the top of the site, forming the offset for a 100 meter terraced water axis or catena d’aqua, concluding in a raised plateau overlooking the countryside. A wealth of sculpture (including an army of putti) and architecture is found everywhere in the garden, which surprises at every turn and appears much larger than it actually is. This is a truly unique layout, reminiscent only of equally spleeny endeavors such as Gabrielle d’Annunzios ‘Il Vittoriale’ on Lago Garda , Dr. Peyrons villa in Fiesole , or Sir Clough Williams-Ellis’ Portmeiron on the Welsh coast.

Lakshminarayan Temple is dedicated to the goddess of wealth, Lakshmi, and her consort, Narayan. It was built in 1622 on the orders of Bir Singh Deo but has needed extensive renovation over the centuries. It’s an odd mixture of temple and fort (with musket embrasures in the crenellated outer wall) and an even odder mixture of concentric forms – it is basically an octagonal central tower inside a triangular temple within a square compound that has bastions at each corner. In line with this eccentricity, the entrance gate is set in a corner rather than the wall. Despite that unpromising description, it is gorgeous and its eclectic ceiling paintings have been successfully restored in the past two decades. They are a mixture of ancient mythology and relatively recent history. The hall with a long panorama of the siege of Jhansi by the British in 1857 is brilliant. And because it is so little visited it is wonderfully tranquil. You can lie on the floor and look at the painting for hours – or sit in the cupola at the top of the entrance tower and admire the skyline of Orchha’s palaces and temples a little over a kilometer away. Source: beye.me/India-MP/Orchha/orchha-lakshmi.html

Internal shutters and window reveal decorated in Chinese fretwork by Luke Lightfoot in the Chinese Room at Claydon House, Buckinghamshire. Claydon was built by Ralph, 2nd earl Verney (1712-91), between 1754 and 1791. Work began around 1757, extending and completely remodelling an earlier sixteenth-century mansion. At this stage the new house was conceived as a rectangular block with three substantial reception rooms (the North Hall, The Saloon, and Library - originally a withdrawing room) and a suite of bedrooms above. It is this phase of construction that survives today. The first phase of work in the late 1750s was directed by Luke Lightfoot, a master carver in wood and stone. However, following disagreements between patron and craftsman, Sir Thomas Robinson took over direction of the project in 1768. Robinson extended this block with a vast domed rotunda (which served as entrance hall) and a wing that balanced the earlier one but which contained a ballroom. This gigantic enlargement of the scheme, which had contributed to Lord Verney's ruin, was demolished by his niece, Mary, Baroness Fermanagh, following his bankruptcy and death in 1791. The Chinese Room on the first floor has an alcove, fireplace and door surrounds, carved by Lightfoot with Chinese motifs derived from contemporary model books. The alcove is designed as a Chinese fretwork teahouse, and the use of fretwork continues on the internal shutters and window embrasures, as seen here.

Lutter efficacement contre les araignées chez soi La vue des araignées donne souvent des frissons dans le dos. Elles pénètrent dans la maison par les fenêtres, portes, trous et fissures dans les murs. Il est aussi possible que ces insectes passent par le toit, la cave ou encore les conduits. Ces animaux invertébrés à huit pattes tissent des toiles tous les jours. Retirer la toile installée est donc insuffisant. Tour d’horizon des astuces efficaces pour se débarrasser facilement des araignées. Utiliser des plantes pour se débarrasser des araignées Il existe différents répulsifs naturels pour faire fuir les araignées de la maison. La lavande Cette plante est un excellent répulsif contre les araignées. Il est possible de choisir entre deux méthodes. La première consiste à diffuser régulièrement de l’huile essentielle de lavande dans chaque pièce de la maison. Pour un résultat durable, il convient d’épandre quelques gouttes d’huile essentielle de lavande sur des bouquets de lavande. Il faut ensuite les déposer dans tous les recoins de la maison pour chasser les araignées. Les huiles essentielles de géranium rosat et de citronnelle de Java constituent également de bons répulsifs contre les arachnides. Les feuilles de tomates Avec quelques feuilles de tomate placées au bord des portes et fenêtres, les araignées quitteront aussitôt la maison. Il faut remplacer les feuilles dès qu’elles sont sèches. La menthe Verser 5 à 10 gouttes d’huile essentielle de menthe dans un vaporisateur ; Ajouter de l’eau chaude ; Refermer le vaporisateur et secouer ; Vaporiser la solution obtenue sur les points de passage des araignées. Il convient de renouveler cette opération tous les 2 jours de mi-août à fin septembre. Les châtaignes Pour se débarrasser des araignées, il suffit de : Couper des châtaignes en deux ; Déposer ces fruits dans les coins de la maison ; Les changer toutes les semaines. Les feuilles de châtaignier sont aussi efficaces pour lutter contre les araignées. Il faut simplement les placer sur les rebords des fenêtres. Le marron d’Inde L’extrait de marron d’Inde éloigne les araignées de la maison. Ramasser quelques marrons dont la capsule est encore verte ; Couper les fruits en 2 ; Verser quelques gouttes d’huile essentielle de marron sur les fruits ; Disposer à proximité des portes, fenêtres, en dessous et au-dessus des armoires, etc. Le cèdre Pour repousser facilement les araignées, il convient de placer des copeaux de cèdre dans tous les points d’entrée et dans les zones infestées. Autre astuce : répandre du paillis de cèdre autour de la maison et dans le jardin. Les pelures d’agrumes sont aussi efficaces. Chasser les araignées grâce à un répulsif fait maison Les araignées détestent les odeurs d’huile essentielle. Pour préparer soi-même un puissant répulsif, il est possible de choisir entre : L’huile essentielle de citron ; L’huile essentielle de pamplemousse; Réparer les fuites de robinets et de tuyaux ; L’huile essentielle de citronnelle ; L’huile essentielle de cannelle ; L’huile essentielle d’arbre à thé. Voici les ingrédients pour fabriquer un litre de solution répulsive : 2 cuillères à soupe de vinaigre blanc ; 6 gouttes d’huile essentielle (avec possibilité de mélanger jusqu’à 3 produits) ; 1 litre d’eau. Le vinaigre blanc peut être remplacé par 2 cuillères à soupe d’alcool à 70°. Verser tous les ingrédients dans un flacon vaporisateur ; Bien secouer avant toute utilisation ; Pulvériser cette solution dans les zones affectionnées par les araignées telles que les coins des murs, plinthes, contours des fenêtres, etc.). Pour repousser les araignées, il convient également de traiter l’extérieur de la maison avec cette préparation. Il faut fermer les portes et fenêtres avant de les pulvériser. Cette opération doit être renouvelée chaque semaine au mois de septembre et d’octobre. Lors de la pulvérisation, il est nécessaire d’éloigner les enfants en bas âge, les femmes enceintes ou allaitantes ainsi que les animaux. Autre précaution à respecter : aérer les pièces à traiter. Préparer un répulsif sans huiles essentielles Répulsif à base d’ammoniaque Mélanger une part d’eau avec une part d’ammoniaque dans un flacon pulvérisateur ; Refermer le flacon, puis remuer ; Vaporiser autour des points d’entrée et dans les endroits où les araignées tissent leurs toiles. Pour un résultat efficace et durable, il est possible d’appliquer ce répulsif une fois par semaine. Utiliser un chiffon est une alternative au flacon pulvérisateur. Il suffit de le tremper dans la solution et de traiter tous les points d’entrée. Répulsif à l’eau salée Dissoudre 30 g de sel dans 2 litres d’eau chaude ; Vaporiser le spray dans les points d’entrée afin de repousser les araignées. Pour lutter contre la prolifération, il est nécessaire de renouveler cette opération toutes les semaines. Il est également possible de vaporiser ce répulsif directement sur les araignées pour les tuer. Répulsif à base de tabac Verser de l’eau chaude dans un flacon pulvérisateur (remplir presque à ras bord) ; Verser une pincée de tabac ; Laisser infuser environ une heure ; Vaporiser dans tous les points d’entrée. Le tabac a une forte odeur qui fera fuir les araignées. Autre astuce : en répandre autour de la maison. Spray à vinaigre Préparer un mélange à base de 2 parts d’eau et d’une part de vinaigre dans un flacon pulvérisateur ; Bien remuer ; Appliquer cette préparation autour des cadres de fenêtre, des embrasures de porte, etc. Pour plus d’efficacité, il est conseillé d’utiliser ce spray à vinaigre une fois par semaine. Pierre d’alun Mélanger 50 g de poudre d’alun avec 500 ml d’eau tiède ; Verser la préparation dans un vaporisateur de 500 ml ; Vaporiser dans les points de passage des araignées. Sucre glace et bicarbonate Dans une coupelle, verser du sucre glace et du bicarbonate de soude en quantités égales ; Une fois les araignées coincées dans la coupelle, il suffit de les jeter à l’extérieur. Utiliser de la terre de diatomée La terre de diatomée est efficace pour limiter la prolifération d’araignées dans la maison. Inoffensive pour l’Homme et les animaux domestiques, elle tue aussi les acariens, fourmis charpentières, poissons d’argent, punaises, puces, etc. Les insectes entrés en contact avec cette poudre naturelle meurent 24 à 72 heures après leur déshydratation. Pour lutter contre une invasion d’araignées, il convient de : Faire le ménage ; Enlever toute trace de toiles d’araignées ; Ventiler les pièces à traiter ; Saupoudrer de la terre de diatomée dans tous les recoins de la maison. Il est recommandé à ceux qui ont la peau sensible de porter des gants lors de l’utilisation de la terre de diatomée. Enfin, il est conseillé de conserver ce produit dans un lieu sec et surtout hors de portée des enfants.

Here are some images of Trumpeter's 1/350 scale World War One Russian Battleship Tsesarevich (1917). From Wikipedia" Tsesarevich (Russian: Цесаревич) was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the Imperial Russian Navy, built in France at the end of the 19th century. The ship's design formed the basis of the Russian-built Borodino-class battleships. She was based at Port Arthur, Manchuria after entering service and fought in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. Tsesarevich was the flagship of Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft in the Battle of the Yellow Sea and was interned in Tsingtau after the battle. After the end of the war, the ship was transferred to the Baltic Fleet and helped to suppress the Sveaborg Rebellion in mid-1906. While on a Mediterranean cruise, she helped survivors of the 1908 Messina earthquake. Tsesarevich was not very active during the early part of World War I and her bored sailors joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet in early 1917. Now named Grazhdanin, the ship participated in the Battle of Moon Sound in 1917, during which she was lightly damaged. The ship seized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution in late 1917 and decommissioned the following year. Grazhdanin was scrapped in 1924–1925. The ship was ordered as part of the "Programme for the Needs of the Far East", authorised by Tsar Nicholas II in 1898 to defend Russia's newly acquired ice-free port of Port Arthur in Manchuria. Russian shipyards were already at full capacity so the Naval Ministry decided to order ships from abroad. Specifications were issued on 14 June 1898 and a few days later the chief designer of the French shipyard Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée proposed a design based on that of the French battleship Jauréguiberry. The Naval Technical Committee approved the design with a few changes to which the French readily agreed. The General Admiral, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich selected the French design over a competing proposal from the Baltic Works. A contract was signed on 20 July 1898 at a cost of 30.28 million francs (11.355 million rubles) for delivery in 42 months. Tsesarevich‍ '​s most obvious design feature was her tumblehome hull. This had several advantages because it allowed greater freeboard since the narrow upper decks reduced the structural weight of the vessel's hull, it increased the field of fire of guns mounted on the sides, and it reduced the ship's roll in heavy seas. Its great disadvantage was that it reduced buoyancy and stability which contributed to excessive heel during turns. During the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904, Imperial Japanese Navy observers thought the Tsesarevich was going to capsize when she suddenly turned out of the battleline. Tsesarevich was 118.5 metres (388 ft 9 in) long overall, had a beam of 23.2 metres (76 ft 1 in) and a draught of 7.92 metres (26 ft 0 in). The ship displaced 13,105 tonnes (12,898 long tons). Her crew consisted of 28–29 officers and 750 enlisted men. The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers at a working pressure of 19 kg/cm2 (1,863 kPa; 270 psi). The boilers were fitted with economizers that preheated their feed water. The engines were rated at 16,300 indicated horsepower (12,200 kW) and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). Tsesarevich handily exceeded her design speed and reached 18.77 knots (34.76 km/h; 21.60 mph) from 15,254 indicated horsepower (11,375 kW) during her official machinery trials in July–August 1903. She normally carried 800 long tons (810 t) of coal, but could carry a maximum of 1,350 long tons (1,370 t). This allowed the ship to steam for 5,500 nautical miles (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Tsesarevich was fitted with six steam-driven generators with a total capacity of 550 kilowatts (740 hp). Tsesarevich‍ '​s main armament consisted of two pairs of 40-calibre 12-inch guns mounted in center-pivot, electrically powered, twin-gun turrets fore and aft. The guns and their mountings were Russian-built, but the turrets themselves were made in France. The guns could be loaded at all angles of elevation and the turrets could traverse 270°. Trials revealed that the ammunition hoists tended to jam when the ship was rolling; the shipyard shipped new hoists to Port Arthur because the Russians wanted the ship in the Far East as soon as possible and they were installed in January 1904. 70 rounds per gun were carried. The guns fired one shell every 90–132 seconds. They fired a 731.3-pound (331.7 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,598 ft/s (792 m/s) to a range of 16,010 yards (14,640 m) at an elevation of 15°. The secondary armament of the ships consisted of a dozen 45-caliber Canet Model 1892 6-inch (150 mm) (QF) guns mounted in six electrically powered twin-gun turrets on the upper deck. The corner turrets had an 150° arc of fire and the center turrets could cover 180°. Each six-inch gun was provided with 200 rounds. Their rate of fire was 2–4 rounds per minute. They fired shells that weighed 91 lb (41.4 kg) with a muzzle velocity of 2,600 ft/s (792.5 m/s). They had a maximum range of approximately 12,600 yards (11,500 m). A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats. These included twenty 50-calibre Canet QF 75-millimetre (3.0 in) guns; 14 in hull embrasures and the remaining six mounted on the superstructure. The ship carried 300 shells for each gun. They fired a 11-pound (4.9 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) to a maximum range of 7,005 yards (6,405 m) at an elevation of 13°. Tsesarevich also mounted twenty 47-millimetre (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns in the superstructure.They fired a 2.2-pound (1.00 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s) at a rate of around 15 rounds per minute. Eight smaller 37-millimetre (1.5 in) Hotchkiss guns were also fitted, but their locations are unknown. The ship carried four 381-millimetre (15.0 in) torpedo tubes; two of these were mounted above water in the bow and stern, and the two broadside underwater tubes were located near the forward 12-inch magazine. Tsesarevich carried a total of 14 torpedoes. The ship also carried 45 mines to be laid to protect her anchorage in remote areas. The ship was fitted with two Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinders that used two images that had to be superimposed to derive the range. The gunnery officer then calculated the proper elevation and deflection required to hit the target and transmitted his commands via a Geisler electro-mechanical fire-control transmission system to each turret. Tsesarevich used the latest Krupp armor in a version of the French cellular armor scheme. This consisted of a full-length waterline armoured belt with armored decks above and below. Behind the belt were well-subdivided compartments mostly used to store coal. This was intended to keep the ship afloat regardless of the damage inflicted above the upper armoured deck. The waterline armor belt was 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high, with 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) below the waterline at normal load. It had a maximum thickness of 250 millimetres (9.8 in) for a length of 60 metres (196 ft 10 in) amidships which gradually reduced to a thickness of 180 millimetres (7.1 in) at the bow and 170 millimetres (6.7 in) at the stern. The belt tapered to a thickness of 170 millimetres at its bottom edge amidships and presumably tapered proportionally along its length. Above the waterline belt was an upper strake of armour that was 1.67 metres (5 ft 6 in) high and had a maximum thickness of 200 millimetres (7.9 in). It was slightly shorter than the waterline belt and similarly reduced in thickness towards the ends of the ship. Forward it consisted of 120-millimetre (4.7 in) armour plates and 130 millimetres (5.1 in) aft. The armor of the main gun turrets and their supporting tubes was 250 millimetres thick with roofs 63 millimetres (2.5 in) thick. Below the upper armour deck the armour of the support tubes decreased to 100 millimetres (3.9 in). The turrets of the secondary armament had 150-millimetre (5.9 in) sides with 30 millimetres (1.2 in) roofs. The sides of the conning tower were 254 millimetres (10.0 in) thick and it had a 63-millimetre roof. It had a communications tube that extended down to the upper armoured deck that was protected by 100-millimetre armour. The funnel uptakes were protected by 19 millimetres (0.7 in) of armour for the height of one deck above the upper armoured deck. Above the upper armour belt there was a deck that ran the full length of the ship that consisted of a 50-millimetre (2.0 in) armour plate laid on 10-millimetre (0.39 in) deck plating. At the top of the waterline belt was two layers of 20-millimetre (0.79 in) armour. It also extended the full length of the ship, but not the full width; it curved downward behind the belt and was connected to the lower edge of the belt by a 20-millimetre plate. It continued downward to the ship's inner bottom plates and formed a sort of torpedo bulkhead. This bulkhead was 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) from the side of the ship and extended for a length of 84 metres (275 ft 7 in). It was backed with coal bunkers. Construction began on Tsesarevich, named after the title of the heir to the Russian throne, on 18 May 1899 at the Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard in La Seyne-sur-Mer, France. The ship was laid down on 8 July 1899 and launched on 23 February 1901. Construction was supervised by Captain Ivan Grigorovich, who became the ship's first captain. Tsesarevich entered service in August 1903 and was assigned to the Far East. She arrived in Port Arthur on 2 December 1903. Upon completion, the Tsesarevich was the Russian Navy's best battleship at the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War. Russo-Japanese War She was one of three ships to be struck by Japanese torpedoes during the surprise attack on Port Arthur during the night of 8/9 February 1904. Tsesarevich was hit abaft the portside torpedo bulkhead and the ship took on an 18° list that was partially corrected by counterflooding compartments on the starboard side. She got underway, but ran aground at the narrow harbor entrance. She was refloated and moved into the harbour for repairs that lasted until 7 June. Some of the ship's guns were removed during the summer to reinforce the defenses of the port. Tsesarevich lost a total of four 75-millimeter, two 47-millimeter and two 37-millimeter guns. The ship was hit twice on 7 August by Japanese 4.7-inch (120 mm) shells fired at long range; a fragment from one of them lightly wounded Vitgeft. On the morning of 10 August 1904, the First Pacific Squadron sortied from Port Arthur in an attempt to break through the Japanese fleet blockading the port and reach Vladivostok. The Russian squadron consisted of five battleships, Tsesarevich, Retvizan, Pobeda, Peresvet, Sevastopol and Poltava, along with four protected cruisers and eight destroyers. The Japanese fleet, commanded by Admiral Togo, was comprised four battleships, Mikasa, Asahi, Fuji, Shikishima, two armoured cruisers Nishin and Kasuga, as well as seven protected cruisers. Tsesarevich and Pobeda both suffered mechanical problems within an hour of departure that forced the fleet to slow down to a speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). Togo failed in his attempt to cross the Russian's T after spotting them around 12:25 and a general engagement began around 13:25 with the Japanese ships concentrating their fire on Tsesarevich and Retvizan, but the effective Russian fire forced Togo to disengage around 15:20. He closed with the Russians about two hours later and opened fire at 17:35. Neither side was able to mortally damage any ships while the Russians were still in the lead with about a half-hour of daylight left when two 12-inch shells fired by Asahi struck near Tsesarevich‍  '​s conning tower at 18:40. Shell fragments bounced off the conning tower's overhanging roof into the conning tower, killing Vitgeft, two staff officers and the helmsman. The ship turned to port with the steering wheel jammed and was followed by several other battleships. Tsesarevich became the focus of attention from every Japanese ship so the captain of Retvizan decided to charge the Japanese battleline to buy time for Tsesarevich to fix her steering problem. He succeeded in doing so and the squadron's second-in-command, Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky gradually asserted command over the scattered Russian ships and ordered them back to Port Arthur in the darkness. Tsesarevich attempted to head north to Vladivostok in the dark, but her damaged funnels greatly increased her coal consumption and reduced her speed to only 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) so that she was forced to head for the German treaty port of Tsingtau instead with three destroyers for escort. Upon arrival the following day, Tsesarevich and her companions were interned and disarmed. The ship had been hit by thirteen 12-inch and two 8-inch (200 mm) shells that killed 12 and wounded 47 members of her crew. Post Russo-Japanese War and WWI At the end of the Russo-Japanese war, the ship was transferred to the Baltic in early 1906 and helped to suppress the Sveaborg Rebellion later that year. Around 1906, her fighting top was removed and her superstructure was cut down. The 75 mm guns in the superstructure were apparently removed as well. Tsesarevich made regular winter cruises to the Mediterranean before World War I and aided survivors of the Messina earthquake in December 1908. In 1909–10 the ship's machinery was overhauled and her amidships casemated 75 mm guns were removed and plated over four years later. Tsesarevich was not very active during the early part of World War I and she reportedly received two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns during the war. Because of her inactivity her bored sailors joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet in early 1917. She was renamed Grazhdanin (Russian: Гражданин (meaning Citizen)) on 13 April 1917 after the February Revolution. The ship took part in the Battle of Moon Sound in October 1917. During the climatic part of the battle, Grazhdanin engaged the German minesweepers on 17 October with little effect while Slava engaged the German dreadnoughts König and Kronprinz. The latter fired at Grazhdanin and hit her twice, killing one and wounding four crewmen, although neither hit caused significant damage. The German dreadnoughts outranged Grazhdanin and she was forced to retreat and abandon Moon Sound in the face of German pressure. By December the ship was in Kronstadt where she came under the control of the Bolsheviks and she was hulked there in May 1918. Grazhdanin was scrapped beginning in 1924, although she was not officially stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925.