Pompeii nymphaeum. Detail of mosaic centrepiece with Mars and three cherubs. Suburban baths.

IMG_0420

Reconstruction of the Trajan Nymphaeum (Nymphaeum Traiani) in Ephesus (western Turkey). Built ca. 104 CE, constructed for the honor of Emperor Trajan, and a statue of Trajan stood in the central niche on the facade overlooking the pool. The pool of the fountain of Trajan was 20 x 10 meters, water cascading from beneath the colossal statue of Trajan. One foot of his statue can still be seen. The pool was flanked by the building on three sides.__ADV Roman History collection

Rouhiere-Fountain of Julius3 - Category:Villa Giulia (Rome) - Nymphaeum - Wikimedia Commons

In the garden of Piazza Vittorio stands an eighteen-feet high mass of brick-faced concrete. This was once a Nymphaeum, a monumental public fountain built by the emperor Alexander Severus (r. 222-36).

ZIKZAK Architects participated in the competition "Reuse the Nymphaeum - Genazzano (Rome) – a project of reusing Bramante's Nymphaeum. The Nymphaeum is a forgotten Renaissance pavilion built in the early 15th century in a rural area near Rome.

The focus is the gathered drape over the seat of the dress. The balance of the design is about a stylish but understated garment leaving all the attention for the drape.

Preorder the women's Oscar de la Renta Fall/Winter 2025 collection on Moda Operandi.

Fountain of Trajan, in ancient roman Ephesus, west Turkey.

The Antonine Nymphaeum at Sagalassos Archaeological Site in Turkey was Excavated in 1994 and 1995. This monumental fountain was a rather baroquely ornamented building. The coffer blocks originally covering the tabernacles and aediculae bore theatre masks, Medusa heads and male bearded figures depicted into diamond-shaped frames and surrounded by fishes and various vegetal motifs. It was erected in the Middle Antonine period (ca. 160-180 AD).

Nymphaeum of Punta Epitaffio “The submerged remains of Emperor Claudius’s Nymphaeum was discovered intact at the foot of Epitaffio Point. It is a rectangular building headed with an apse and is...

Nymphaeum of Trajan Ephesus 102-114 CE 17 m length The Nymphaeum of Trajan is a huge public fountain located in the city center of Ephesus. The monument stands on the main thoroughfare of the city,...

Gadara, Jordan, the Nymphaeum on the main Cardo with the Sea of Galilee and the Golan in the background, 2nd century AD

Before the Domus Aurea, there was the Domus Transitoria. The architectural genius and decorative virtuosities remain intact. The first palace of Nero set in the heart of the Palatine, is impressive to say the least. After almost seventy years of closure, the Domus Transitoria, the first house of the eccentric and (some might say) visionary emperor, built between 60 and 64 AD in the name of unbridled luxury, will open to the general public on April 11, Alfonsina Russo director of the archaeological park of the Colosseum announced. Credit: WikiCommons This is an important milestone in Russo's ambitious plan to expand the sites on the Colle dei Cesari. It took years of restoration work and refurbishment to reveal this almost unseen monumental complex, which had a relatively short lifespan, since after the fire of AD 64 Nero commissioned the construction of the new Domus Aurea extending from the Palatine to the Oppio Hill. After that, the damnatio memoriae did the rest. The renunciation by the successors, the Flavians, weighed on the conservation of Nero's architecture. The tours will involve small groups, as one enters through either of the two original ancient staircases, descending into the belly of the Palatine, in a large space that today is sealed off like a cave by a vast loft built in the 1960s. It is located beneath the so-called Coenatio Iovis of the Domus Flavia, known as Bagni di Livia, first excavated in the 18th century by the Farnese family. Credit: La Repubblica Credit: La Repubblica The opulence of the rooms is evident here. The architectural structure of a nymphaeum conceived as the frons scaene of a theatre that was meant to showcase fountains like a theatrical performance to entertain Nero and his guests is immediately striking. There are small niches on the pulpit decorated with polychrome marble columns, from which two thousand years ago gushes of water exploded in unison with the waterfall of the nymphaeum. Opposite stands the pavilion supported by porphyry columns where Nero would lie down, the heart of a procession of luxuriously decorated rooms, where the foundations of the Domus Aurea now lie. Water played a leading role: this structure was used for summer activities where Nero found refreshment during the summer. The historian Suetonius wrote that Nero's dream was to bring back the golden age, and it will be through multimedia technology that the original effect will be restored. Credit: La Repubblica Credit: La Repubblica The visitor's path, created by Alessandro D'Alessio, is enriched by a lighting design that highlights the key points of opulence, between the floors in marble inlays in opus sectile, and the vaults with frescoes, covered with gold leaves, lapis lazuli. In the hall of the pavilion, a projection in both Italian and English audio introduces visitors to the history of the first Neronian residence on the Palatine and its relation to the subsequent Domus Aurea. The tour continues by exploring other remarkable settings, until it crosses an unexpectedly imposing 80-seat latrine, intersected by the foundation wall of the subsequent construction of the Domitian era. Credit: La Repubblica The final section, which does not belong to the Domus Transitoria, contains a video wall that will offer a spectacular reconstruction of the pictorial decoration of Nero's time. Source: Il Messaggero [March 26, 2019] Labels Archaeology, Europe, Heritage, Italy, Southern Europe TANN you might also like Newer Post Older Post

Saint John Vatatzes the Merciful, or John III Doukas Vatatzes, was the Emperor of Nicaea from 1221 to 1254 and one of the most remarkable among the successors of Constantine the Great, being the chief architect of the restored Roman Empire, and a respected leader who encouraged justice, charity and a cultural blossoming. He was born ca.1192 in Didymoteicho and died on 3 November 1254 in Nymphaion. His feast day is on November 4. With rare unanimity late Roman historians unanimously glorify him. Seven years after his death when his grave was opened, a sweet fragrance permeated the surroundings, and they were surprised to find that his body was incorrupt, a clear example of holiness. His relics showed no sign that he was in fact dead; the color of his body was like that of a living person, and even his clothes had not deteriorated after 7 years and looked like they had just been newly sewn. A half-century after his death, John Vatatzes was so beloved and esteemed by the people that he was commemorated as a saint under the name John the Merciful. A contemporary account during the reign of Andronikos Palaiologos (1282-1328), mentions that around the time that the Turks invaded Magnesia, on several occasions the castle guardsman had witnessed a lit candle circling around the city walls. He sent men to investigate the phenomenon but to no avail. Then the deaf-mute brother of the guardsman was sent, and he was given a revelation, and was completely healed upon his return. He said that at the area where the lit candle had appeared, he found a man of a grand royal stature, who loudly urged the Christians to continue the defense. Later he recognized the image of the man he had seen when visiting the holy shrine of Saint John Vatatzes. Since then John was recognized as a Saint and his memory was set to be honored on November 4. George Akropolites mentions that the people saw to the construction of a temple in his honor in Nymphaeum, and that his honor as a Saint quickly spread to the people of western Asia Minor. Miracles began to be connected with his memory and The Life of St. John the Merciful was composed, a sort of popular canonization. As noted by his biographer, Christians who went on pilgrimage to pray before the Saint were rewarded with miracles; the diseased were healed and demons were expelled at his holy relics. The clergy and population of the Lydian city of Magnesia and its surroundings, where the Emperor was buried (Monastery of Christ the Savior on Mt. Sipylos (Monastery of Sosandra), gathered annually on November 4 in the local church and honored the memory of the late Emperor John the Merciful. His incorrupt relics were transferred to Constantinople, which had been liberated from the Franks, where the legend of the reposed King became associated with him. At the time of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, his relics were hidden in a catacomb. The honor of the saintly emperor survived until modern years, mainly in the Metropolis of Ephesus. There is a reference in the Menologia for the commemoration of “John Doukas Vatatzes” on the 4th of November. Nikodemos the Hagiorite (1749-1809) composed a service in honor of the Emperor-Saint John Vatatzes the Merciful, commissioned by the Metropolitan of Ephesus. On November 4, 2010 the first and only Orthodox Church in the world was dedicated to St. John Vatatzes, in the city of his birth, Didymoteicho (Metropolis of Didymotichon, Orestias and Soufli). Source

Archaeologists working in Southern Spain, in the ancient city of Munigua, have discovered an elaborate copper mining operation built by the Romans on an even older mining system built thousands of years ago. The original inhabitants of the region, the Turdetani, apparently began exploiting the ore found in Munigua more than 4,000 years ago. A Roman altar dedicated to Mercury stands in the entrance street to the Forum in Munigua, Spain  [Credit: Inigo Lopez de Audicana] Recently, excavators discovered the elaborate ventilated system of galleries and connecting tunnels which created floors at various depths, allowing the miners to extract metal at a depth below what was believed possible at that time. Greek ceramics dating to the fourth century BCE are the earliest evidence of a settlement at Munigua. When the Romans conquered the city primarily for its mines, Munigua was already a major hub. The Roman altar dedicated to Mercury at Munigua  [Credit: WikiCommons/Aegon2001] Archaeologists who have been excavating at the site since 1956 have unearthed temples, sanctuaries, a forum, thermal baths, a two-story hall, city walls and a large necropolis. The presence of valuable metals was a motivating factor in Rome’s decision to invade other cities and countries, including those as far away as Israel where copper production was massively increased during the Roman occupation. The Romans didn’t introduce mining in Spain either, they simply exploited the existing mines which were already being used. A temple located on the second terrace at excavations in Munigua, Spain  [Credit: Inigo Lopez de Audicana] To expand his empire, Hamilcar Barca of Carthage, a Punic general, established New Carthage on the southeast coast of Spain during the second half of the third century BCE, when he also took control of the Munigua mines, which refilled Carthage’s coffers within just a few years. In 218 BCE the Romans, in an attempt to interrupt Carthage’s supply of metal, conquered New Carthage. The Romans did more than mine in Munigua, archeologists have also discovered a tetrastyle temple which was likely dedicated to Jupiter, in addition to a temple of Mercury unearthed in the same area, as well as a two-story porticus and a nymphaeum (a monument dedicated to the nymphs, which were usually found in public bathhouses). Part of the excavations at Munigua, Spain [Credit: Inigo Lopez de Audicana] During the second century BCE, more than a hundred years later, metal mining in massive quantities began again. “We know that metal production enormously increased partly from vast slag deposits in Munigua, some the size of football fields. This has much to do with our knowledge of their mining operations.” Thomas G. Schattner with the German Archaeological Institute, who led the excavations, says in an article published by Haaretz, “Slag is a first-class archaeological source material, as it can be analyzed and can give precise information about the metal melted, the process by which melting was achieved and the chemical characteristics of the metal,” Living spaces in the ruins of the city of Munigua, where mines produced iron and copper as long ago as 4,000 years by  locals and which were later commandeered by first Carthaginians and then the Romans  [Credit: WikiCommons/Aegon2001] A break in production occurred during the third century CE, possibly due to a massive earthquake that left the city in ruins and from which Munigua never seemed to fully recover. People inhabited the city for another 300 years, however, no new buildings were constructed during that time. By the later half of the sixth century CE, the city appeared to have been abandoned. Author: Ginger Perales | Source: New Historian [March 06, 2017] Labels Archaeology, Europe, Southern Europe, Spain TANN you might also like Newer Post Older Post

Cyril Farey (1888-1954) was the most respected, prolific and successful architectural illustrator in the 1920s and 30s. He was a favorite of the top British architects of that day (the golden age of the British Empire), and made 5000 Pounds, or about $200,000 per year. But… he is largely forgotten now… There are no recent books on his work… And, he has NO Wikipedia entry!! What gives? Arundel Castle. Perhaps he was the victim of “end-of-empire” amnesia: he and his talents were a part of the fading British Empire, while the future was to be found in America. Perhaps he was too closely tied to the traditional architectural styles of the past: the future was made of glass, steel and concrete, not carved stone. Perhaps he didn’t “sell” himself to the future in a book of beautiful reproductions: he was always busy with new commissions, and didn’t worry about PR. Perhaps he simply lived too long; all the older architects and critics were dead by then, and the young ignored his legacy. Perhaps he was simply too “normal” to attract the love of the psychoanalyzed modern world. All this might be true, but one thing was always acknowledged: he was the British epitome of the Beaux Arts tradition. The period 1900-1920 saw a flowering of the art of architectural draughtsmanship. The Beaux Arts approach to architectural drawing which placed considerable emphasis on the precise representation of buildings enhanced by shadow and light washes, led to the adoption of this style in many architectural schools. The Beaux Arts influence was combined with the particularly British style of drawing, where the motivation was to present the building as a reality; as solid form anchored visually to the ground and existing surroundings. This combination led to the stylistic and imaginative coloured drawings of this exceptional period. The artists of this school combined precision in drawing with a delicate but imaginative use of colour, bestowing a romantic aura upon the buildings.  –from the catalogue produced for “Fareyland - An Exhibition of Watercolors and Drawings by Cyril Farey” at the Gallery Lingard, London) Midland Bank, Head Office. So, in spite of his awards, lucrative career and powerful contacts, the cultural tides left him high and dry. The rejection of the Beaux Arts tradition in the 40s and 50s also rejected Farey and his legacy. Which is sad because… 68 Pall Mall Westminster His work is consistently interesting, and sometimes breathtaking. Palais de Justice, Brussels. Cyril Arthur Farey was born in London, and seems to have had an uneventful childhood, showing skill in drawing early on. He was educated at Tonbridge School (a top English prep school), the Architectural Association, and the Royal Academy School of Architecture. He was a brilliant pupil, winning the RA Schools Gold Medal (1911), the Tite Prize (1913), and the Soane Medallion (1914).  On winning a traveling scholarship from the Architectural Association, he spent much of 1910 sketching on the continent. The following images are from that trip. Entrance Screen to the Nymphaeum, Villa di Papa Giulio, Rome. A site sketch in the guise of a Beaux Arts rendered elevation. Ponte Scaligero & Castel Vecchio, Verona. Although unfinished, this view has the placid tone of the English “grand tour” sketch. Figure climbing steps up to a Monastery, Perugia. This subject calls to mind Goodhue’s Italian drawings. Palazzo Publico & Campanile, Siena. This painting had me doing a double take, and whispering “Aldo Rossi?” This last view, of Piazza delle Erbe in Verona, shows clearly his technique. A detailed line drawing precedes any watercolor work. All details are delineated by pencil, leaving the general modeling and emphasis to be created by the transparent wash. This drawing of the Bowstring Bridge at Newcastle-on-Tyne, shows a typical finished line drawing. Later in this post is a rendering of the Sydney Harbor Bridge which suggests how the final Bowstring painting might have looked. Begnning in 1911 Farey served his articles (a period of apprenticeship to a registered architect) with Horace Field, who himself was a fine draughtsman. Farey contributed drawings to a number of successful competitions while in Field’s office. After serving as a Captain in the Royal Army Service Corps during World War I, he returned to field’s office to lead a winning competition entry for the Civil Service War Memorial. Farey worked for a while as an assistant in the office of Ernest Newton, where he met fellow perspectivists, Thomas Hamilton Crawford and Alick Horsnell. In the same period he became aquainted with A.G. Shoosmith (an architect and lifelong friend); and (fellow perspectivists) Charles Gascoyne, Robert Atkinson, James Whitelaw and Philip Hepworth.  He eventually set up independent practice and had considerable success in both competitions and commissioned illustrating. The image above is a building advertisement printed in a newspaper (thus the black and white ink drawing, which was an unusual technique for him, but perfect for reproduction in a newpaper). Palais des Papes, Avignon. For some reason this painting’s colors make me think Renaissance. Fountain of Neptune, Piazza di Signoria, Florence. Rather modern, don’cha think? Palazzo Ducale, Venice. Note the unfinished edges on this painting; bold, no? Following the war Farey seems to have settled into a career of unrelenting work punctuated by forays onto the continent to draw and paint for pleasure. I can completely empathize with this pattern. The life of an architectural illustrator is steady pressure (with fits of frenzied work), which makes drawing into a chore. The chance to draw merely for the joy of drawing is like a long vacation. The images above are from his 1920 trip. On winning the Edward Scott Travelling Studentship, he spent 1922 painting in France and Austria. A few examples follow. Chateau of Maisons Lafitte, Paris. A dynamic composition created by knowing where and when to stop. Schwarzenberg Palace, Vienna. Now here is an excellent example of Farey playing the contrast game. The far end of the façade is dark on light; the central pavilion is light on dark; and the near end frames the center and anchors the composition. The focus of the whole thing is the silhouetted statue. Place des Vosges, Paris. This façade study reminds me of Sargent in its spontaneity. Place Stanislas, Nancy. This painting, both fine and bold, is a showcase of early genius. Pont Neuf, Paris. Not impressive as a composition, but the color harmony is just delicious! This last image, an unfinished view of Ferdinand Bridge in Vienna, is another window into Farey’s technique. The ghosted shadow and white ink washed sky show his eventual intentions, while the various line weights show that the final idea was already forming while he drew in pencil. The effect is quite mesmerizing. By 1923 Farey was at the top of his profession. The following are a very small sampling of the perspectives completed in the 20s and 30s.  Tudor House, Argyll Place, 1922. A valiant attempt to focus a long and frenetic façade. The Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan, Arch F L Wright, 1922. I like the abstract pattern of the shadows in this painting. The color scheme is a mix of strong and subtle. Sydney Harbor Bridge, 1923. I could only find a tiny image file of this beautiful rendering…   …and I’m not sure whether this detail is part of the completed perspective, or a completely different painting. Compare it to the Bowstring Bridge above. Proposed War Memorial Chapel, Durham School, 1924. Another example of Farey’s sense of color and focus. Proposal for Carlton House Terrace. A huge, overbearing project which becomes benign in Farey’s hands. New Exchange, Nottingham, 1924. A bit dramatic, but charming in many ways. Note the softening and warming of the shadows, and the spots of hot red accents. New Colonial Office, Westminster. Another behemoth building tamed and civilized by watercolor. Mansion Flats, Grosvenor Square, London, 1926. A less than successful golden glow. During these years, Farey was also a practicing architect. Above is Saint George's Church Hall designed in 1926. He did quite a number of small churches and private houses not far from his London home by Regent Park. Cathedral of Liverpool, Edwin Lutyens, Architect, 1929. One of the major projects of that period. Lutyens’ design is still admired for its unique interpretation of ecclesiastical grandeur.  Midland Bank, Poultry, 1939. A bit pretentious with its yellow ochre stone and radiating sky, but with a wonderful street scene. I can’t help but love the name (Poultry being the old street where the eponymous fowl were sold, but has been for some time the center of the financial district).  This perspective of The Carlton Public House, Carlton, Nottingham, is an example of the smaller projects that Farey took on. During World War Two he volunteered for the Civil Defense Service, watching for German bombing attacks and assessing damage in London. This experience and the miraculous survival of St. Paul’s during the bombing may have spurred him to do a series of perspectives of the neighborhood around the cathedral in 1942 (after the blitz and before Normandy). Ludgate Hill, London. A view of the district just west of St. Paul’s. A clunky, unsatisfying composition, but this is wartime. Record Office, London. Interestingly abstract, but I keep wondering why there is water everywhere. Cannon Street Station from the Thames, London. Nicely composed, nicely drawn, and delicate colors. A true Farey. Saint Paul's from Stationers Hall, London. A view of St. Paul’s from the damaged hall of The Worshipful Company Of Stationers & Newspaper Makers. It is a document of the bombing damage, but is also a beautiful piece of work. Note the progressive haze as the objects march into the distance; creating order out of a potentially confusing view. St Paul's with St. Vedast - alias Foster, Foster Lane, London. Farey must have done some fudging to get this view, but it is another of his curious paintings contrasting wartime chaos with architectural serenity.  Saint Paul's Cathedral from Bankside, London. Essentially a telephoto view from across the Thames River. A very pleasing composition with a well thought out color scheme, and spontaneous brushwork not often found in a Farey painting. This last view of the interior of St. Paul’s shows a feeling for the play of textures in his renderings. The linework is exact, but delicate; strong where contrast is needed, and fading out to describe the space. The watercolor wash is sometime smooth and sweet, and sometimes dark or heavily textured. Farey published with A. Trystan Edwards, a book entitled, "ArchitecturalDrawing, Perspective, and Rendering", in 1931. The following series of images are from a short demonstration of his technique, found in an appendix in the book. Shown above is the primary elevation of the building (plans, site plans, and other elevations would also be consulted).  Farey, after walking the site and viewing it from all angles decides on a rough viewpoint, and tries out several quick thumbnail sketches from that side of the building. These sketches are not exact, but are “guessimates” of what the building and surroundings might look like in the final rendering. When he is satisfied with one of the sketches he heads back to the office. Here, Farey tries out a few quick perspective layouts to try to match the thumbnail sketch (he is looking for the “main block” of the building). When he gets one that looks right, he decides on the framing of the image, and does a quick value study to establish the darks and lights. In this case the building is a light colored stone, and all the surroundings will be relatively dark. With the exact viewpoint finalized, he begins the final layout, making sure to position the picture plane so that the building is large enough for the size of the final art. Above is the layout at an early stage. The dotted lines are working points for the recessed façade at the center of the building.  Here, the layout of the building itself is finished, and is transferred to watercolor paper. The edges of the buildings planes have heavy lines, while the stone joints are lightly drawn. Here, the shadow lines are lightly indicated, as well as the context of the site and entourage. This is the extent of the pencil work, and is finalized on the watercolor paper, which is then mounted on a board. Farey starts with the large lighter washes (the building, using yellow ochre and grey), and moves on to progressively darker areas (sky, using yellow ochre and cerulean blue). The view above is about halfway through the painting process (unfortunately the book reproduction is not in color). Here, the shadows, context, people, trees and entourage have been addressed. Farey ends the demonstration short of his usual final detailing because, in his words: “…the finishing is dependent on the individuality of the artist, and it is not desirable to lay down hard-and-fast rules:” An approach that I completely agree with.  After the war Farey continued his busy career, eventually bringing his son into the business. His masterly touch never left him, but the modern style of architecture did give him fewer chances to show his talent. He was of the “old school” of architecture, favoring sensitivity to the surrounding environment, and a loyalty to tradition and natural materials. When it came to interpreting brick and stone, nobody could beat him. Unfortunately, glass and steel did not interest him. As noted in a contemporary magazine article, “To ask Farey to portray a house by Hans Steinfinger would be like asking one’s Great-Aunt to join a nudist colony.”  Above, Willington power station by Cyril Farey, completed in 1953; a year later he was dead. In contrast to the rather dour photograph at the top of this post, he was said to have been a man of “great personal charm” and a warm disposition. He was said to have been a “happy” worker, “whistling snatches of a popular ragtime or of an aria from Puccini.” His friend Shoosmith described him as “Gentle, sunny affectionate, a lover of life and of all things kind and beautiful.” I am not a watercolorist, and so this post is a bit “cheeky” on my part. There are however, many excellent watercolor artists who have carried on the legacy of Cyril Farey.  There are two I will mention: Thomas W.Schaller is a longtime architectural illustrator, artist and author. Being a good writer, he has a couple books out there: Architecture in Watercolor, and TheArt of Architecture Drawing: Imagination and Technique. Frank M. Costantino is an architectural illustrator, artist and co-founder of the American Societyof Architectural Illustrators. He has been teaching seminars for a score of years, and really should write a book sometime. Other posts on inspirational people: Inspiration - Jean-LeonGerome Inspiration- The Dreams of Lebbius Woods Inspiration- Sargent & Structures Inspiration- Louis Sullivan & Ornamentation Inspiration- Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue Inspiration- Winslow Homer Inspiration- Dore & value studies Inspiration- Hugh Ferriss Inspiration- Waterhouse & Color Inspiration- Bierstadt & Atmosphere Inspiration- John C. Wenrich