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Pathology: A Movie About Snowboarding and Humans. Bryan Fox and Austin Smith partnered with storyteller Liam Gallagher to document a season of their experiences…
Growth Hormone Defects & ExcessPhysiology ReviewSecretion: Growth hormone regulates growth and metabolism in most body tissues. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is secreted from the hypothalamus, and travels via neurons to the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to reach somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary. In response to GHRH, the somatotrophs release growth hormone into the blood. Effects: Growth hormone acts directly on the tissues to increase blood glucose and free fatty acids, and promotes tissue growth and differentiation. Furthermore, growth hormone triggers hepatic release of IGF-1, which enhances the effects of growth hormone. Growth Hormone DefectsGrowth Hormone DeficiencyGrowth hormone deficiency results in reduced levels of growth hormone and, consequently, reduced levels of IGF-1. In most cases, isolated growth hormone deficiency is due to defects in the GH1 gene, which is responsible for growth hormone production.However, we need to rule out general hypopituitarism, in which other anterior pituitary hormones are also low.Treatment: Recombinant human growth hormone. Growth Hormone Insensitivity Growth hormone insensitivity is characterized by normal or high levels of growth hormone, and low levels of IGF-1. Insensitivity is caused by growth hormone receptor defects, which may be hereditary, as in Laron Syndrome, or acquired as a result of malnutrition, liver disease, diabetes, growth hormone receptor antibodies, or other pathologies.Treatment: recombinant IGF-1. Effects of Growth Hormone Defects:In Childhood: - If the defect appears in childhood, linear growth is slow (sometimes called pituitary dwarfism); - These patients often have delayed puberty, with small gonads and genitalia (micropenis).In Adulthood: - If growth hormone defects appear later in life, adults present with body composition changes, including reduced muscle and bone mass, and increased fat mass. - These patients have increased risk of cardiovascular disease (including left...
Orthodox Pathology - ORTHOGNOSIA
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Pathology Secrets: 9780323055949: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com
Renal Pathology Hey there everyone, today we're going to go on a journey, a sonographic journey through renal diseases reliably discovered via ultrasound.
Plant Pathology: Agrios, George N: 9780120445653: Books - Amazon.ca
Classification of Bone pathology:- Regards:- Kriti Naja Jain :) Reference :- Neville oral and maxillofacial pathology 3rd e
Staging & Grades of Breast Cancer #pathology #pawsitively4pink #breastcancer #staging #info #health
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HypothyroidismPlease see our separate tutorial on Hyperthyroidism.General pathophysiology of thyroid hormone.GoiterGoiter Enlarged thyroid gland. Goiter may be a sign of hyper- or hypothyroidism, or may occur in the absence of thyroid hormone disorders.Smooth/diffuse goiter The thyroid gland is more or less uniformly enlarged (we show the normal thyroid gland size with a dotted line):Nodules These are specific areas of the thyroid gland that are hypertrophic/hyperplastic.Euthyroid sick syndrome Occurs when thyroid hormone levels are reduced in the presence of systemic illness; generally we treat the underlying illness rather than focus on the hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism: Clinical ManifestationHypothyroidism Characterized by low levels of T3 and T4. Hypometabolic state Decreased basal metabolic rate with weight gain but reduced appetite.Goiter can develop. Skin, face, and hair changes: Cold intolerance with reduced sweating and cool, dry, flaky skin; cutaneous changes are due to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the skin. Hair loss is common. Non-pitting edema, most notable in the extremities, is due to water retention and the deposition of hyaluronic acid. Puffy face and eyelids.Neuropsychiatric and neuromuscular changes: Patients often experience some degree of depression, with slower speech and mental functioning, which may present as mild confusion. Patients are often fatigued and feel lethargic, with slower reflexes. Proximal myalgia is more likely associated with elevated levels of creatine kinase, unlike the myalgia in hyperthyroidism. Carpal tunnel syndrome and other entrapment disorders can result from fluid retention and swelling around the tissues. Cardiovascular effects: Cardiovascular effects are opposite those in hyperthyroidism: bradycardia and reduced cardiac output. Patients may be hypertensive, though, because peripheral resistance is increased due to changes in the vasculature. Ventilatory effects: Ventilatory responses are also reduced....
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