To find antibodies, assays, and proteins associated with the Toll-like Receptor pathway
Structure of antibodies and BCRs👇 📎Antibodies have a Y-like structure and are composed of four polypeptide chains: two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains typically contain 4 to 5 immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, while the light chains have 2 Ig domains. The structure of an IgG molecule is depicted on the left. 📎The N-terminal domains of both the heavy and light chains are variable and are crucial for antigen binding. In contrast, the remaining domains are constant; they do not ...
Marchantia is one of the most common liverworts found in moist, shady, cool areas with abundant moisture. Thallus is dark-green, fleshy, flat, dichotomously branched with dorsiventral symmetry.
The cryptophyte alga G. theta and the chlorarachniophyte alga B. natans have plastids bound by four membranes. In cryptophytes, the outermost plastid membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope and its surface is studded with ribosomes, which co-translationally insert nucleus-encoded, organelle-targeted proteins. Between the inner and outer membrane pairs is the periplastidial compartment (PPC), which contains the nucleomorph (NM), the relict nucleus of the eukaryotic endosymbiont. The predicted numbers of protein-coding genes in the plastid, mitochondrial (MT), nucleomorph and nuclear genomes of G. theta and B. natans are shown. Additional abbreviations: C, carbohydrate; PY, pyrenoid.
The diagrammatic is representative of the Tumourigenesis process of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
The diagrammatic representative of the Nodule Organogenesis process.
full process them.
The diagrammatic is representative of Sporulated Emeria's Oocyst.
The principle of metagenomics involves studying the genome of microbial communities in bulk environmental samples directly without culturing individual species.
The diagrammatic is representative of Methanogen's Methanogenesis process.
Heterocyst=(1. Intercalary Heterocyst and 2. Terminal Heterocyst), Mucilagenous Sheath, Beaded Vegetative Cell=(Chromoplasm,Centroplasm,Cell Wall, Cyanophycin granules, Plasma membrane,Nueleoid (Dioxyraibonueleic acid), Ribosome, Photosynthetic Thylakoids Lamellae,), Gelatinous Sheath,Akinetes or Arthrospores, Individual Sheath, Gelatinous Colony, Mucilagenous Envelope)
Bacterial conjugation ‼️ The transfer of an F factor during conjugation. At the end of conjugation, both the donor cell and the recipient cell are F+ #bacterialconjugation #plasmid #genetransfert #enzyme #microbiology #bacteria #chromosomes #evolution #molecularbiology #genetics #cancerbiologyresearch #protein #genomics #cell #biology #gene #DNA
Exon and gene duplication ‼️ (a) Exon duplication often results from unequal crossing over during meiosis. Each parental chromosome ( top ) contains one ancestral gene containing three exons (blue) and two introns (orange). Homologous noncoding sequences called L1 long interspersed elements (red) lie 5 ′ and 3 ′ of the gene as well as in the intron between exons 2 and 3. L1 elements have been repeatedly transposed to new sites in the genome over the course of human evolution, so that all chr...
The use of CRISPR-Cas technology for gene editing.‼️ (a) Structure of an sgRNA, which is composed of a crRNA connected to a tracrRNA via a linker. (b) Use of CRISPR-Cas technology. On the left side, the gene has been repaired by end joining and suffers a small deletion. This deletion may result in gene inactivation. On the right side, a double crossover has occurred that swaps in the donor DNA. The target gene now carries a point mutation. #genome #genomeediting #crisprcas9 #Cancer #CRISPR ...
Synthesis of GAG Chains in Proteoglycans👇 📎The linkage between a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain and its core protein in a proteoglycan molecule begins with the assembly of a specific tetrasaccharide on a serine side chain. 📎Following this, the GAG chain, primarily composed of repeating disaccharide units, is synthesized by sequentially adding one sugar at a time. 📎In chondroitin sulfate, the disaccharide consists of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. 📎In heparan sulfate, it ma...
Simple and complex eukaryotic transcription units ‼️ (a) A simple transcription unit includes a region that encodes one protein, which extends from the 5′ cap site to the 3′ poly(A) site, plus the associated control regions. Exons (light blue rectangles) are separated by introns. Introns are removed during processing of the primary transcripts (dashed red lines); thus they do not occur in the functional monocistronic mRNA. (b) Complex transcription units produce primary transcripts that can ...
A specific target sequence in genomic DNA can be amplified by PCR for use in cloning‼️ Each primer for PCR is complementary to one end of the target sequence and includes the recognition site for a restriction enzyme that does not have a recognition site within the target region. In this example, primer 1 contains a BamHI recognition sequence, whereas primer 2 contains a HindIII recognition sequence. (Note that for clarity, in any round, amplification of only one of the two strands — the one...
