In recent years, parallel developments in disparate disciplines have focused on what has come to be termed connectivity; a concept used in understanding and describing complex systems. Conceptualisations and operationalisations of connectivity have evolved largely within their disciplinary boundaries, yet similarities in this concept and its application among disciplines are evident. However, any implementation of the concept of connectivity carries with it both ontological and epistemological constraints, which leads us to ask if there is one type or set of approach(es) to connectivity that might be applied to all disciplines. In this review we explore four ontological and epistemological challenges in using connectivity to understand complex systems from the standpoint of widely different disciplines. These are: (i) defining the fundamental unit for the study of connectivity; (ii) separating structural connectivity from functional connectivity; (iii) understanding emergent behaviour; and (iv) measuring connectivity. We draw upon discipline-specific insights from Computational Neuroscience, Ecology, Geomorphology, Neuroscience, Social Network Science and Systems Biology to explore the use of connectivity among these disciplines. We evaluate how a connectivity-based approach has generated new understanding of structural-functional relationships that characterise complex systems and propose a ‘common toolbox’ underpinned by network-based approaches that can advance connectivity studies by overcoming existing constraints.
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We’re bombarded with health and wellness advice. One type of medicine, the functional kind, has caught my eye and I’m keen to find out more. I do a lot of health and wellness based read…
The limbic system consists of a series of brain structures responsible for processing senses and emotions to result in new memories and bodily changes.
A diagram of a neuron and its functions.
The strong and simultaneous activation of both branches the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic, is known as ‘autonomic conflict.’ In the cartoonish intro-biology view of the …
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The term taxonomy was coined by De Condolle. Carl Linnaeus was regarded as the father of classification (taxonomy). He proposed two kin...
Animal cell diagram. From the textbook Human Biology (Daniel Chiras, published Jones and Bartlett, 2002) Living organisms can be divided into Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. . You can click here to s…
Antigens are chemical compounds that interact with products of the adaptive immune response
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Complement System The complement system, specifically through the actions of proteins C3a and C3b, destroys microbes. – Comprises inactive proteins that circulate in the blood; of these proteins, the products of C3 cleavage (C3a and C3b) have multifold functions. • Three pathways lead to C3 cleavage: – In the classical pathway, C1 is "fixed" to antibody-antigen complexes, which initiates a cascade of events that lead to C3 cleavage. – The alternative pathway is triggered by spontaneously activated C3b. – The lectin pathway is triggered when lectins, such as, mannose-binding lectin, binds microbial sugars and marks them for phagocytosis. • Effects of cleaved C3: – C3a has pro-inflammatory effects; it recruits neutrophils and macrophages. – C3b opsonizes microbes, which involves binding to pathogens and marking them for phagocytosis. – Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC): C3b combines with other complement proteins (C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) to form a pore in the membrane of the microbe; massive water influx through the MAC lyses the microbe.
The gastrointestinal system is one of the largest endocrine organs in the body. The main function is to supply the cells of the body with nutrients.
For those of you who find relaxation a hard place to be, and work way beyond 40 hours a week at your job, along with caretaking your children, or house duties, or fighting with your spouse, or listening to friends or family member’s problems, or whatever else that might keep you ON... today we are reviewing the nervous
Our The Immune System Poster is a great educational resource that will help you create relevant and engaging Science classrooms.
Physiology of Urine formation There are three stages involved in the process of urine formation. They are- 1. Glomerular filtration or ultra-filtration 2. Selective reabsorption [...]
The Glasgow Coma Scale is a medical scale designed to assess the depth (and duration) of impaired consciousness and coma states.
The endocrine system consists of glands that are found all over the body, which help you to produce hormones. This article provides detailed information about the endocrine system.
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Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction The mechanism of muscle contraction is explained by sliding filament model. This theory was proposed by H.E Huxley and [...]
Buy this organ and its activity pages by following the links below: Colouring & Activity Pages A5 JPEG A4 High Resolution PDF Please follow and like us:
Suffering from heartburn, reflux, and other digestion challenges? Digestive enzymes can be an important step in finding lasting relief.
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In just 70 years, nearly 100,000 new chemicals have been released into the environment. Yet, more than 85 percent of these have never been tested for health effects in humans! We also have very little scientific knowledge about what happens when these chemicals combine in our bodies. What we do know is that as early as
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Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies all living things. It was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus, who lived during the 18th Century, and his system of classification is still used today.
