The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526 by Babur, a chieftain from present-day Uzbekistan, marked a significant era in South Asia. Babur, with aid from the

Want to get back to the overview of the 1450 – 1750 CE section? 1450 – 1750 CE OVERVIEW AP WORLD HISTORY HOMEPAGE Gunpowder empires, a term coined by historians, refers to a group of powerful and expansive states that emerged in the 15th and 16th centuries, primarily in the Middle East and South […]

“Look what their damned arrows did to my doublet! Right chaps, let’s give ’em a taste of hot lead. Charge!” —Anonymous Pistolier.[2a] Pistoliers are the elite light cavalry of the Imperial Army. They specialize in wielding firearms, specifically pistols. Pistoliers have only come into their own recently, as gunpowder weapons have been relatively unstable until now in the Old World. Because of the expense of their weapons and the constant upkeep that pistols and warhorses require, Noblemen domina

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The history and origins of the Ottoman Empire and its army - the conquerors and inheritors of the grand Roman bastion of Constantinople.

"Three things make the Empire great; faith, steel, and gunpowder." —Emperor Magnus the Pious[2w] The Empire, formally known as the Empire of Man[14a][15][20], and named the "Land of the Hammer and the Wolf" by the Norscans,[17a] is an electoral monarchy composed of semiautonomous feudal states called "Electoral Provinces" or "Grand Provinces." The Empire is the largest, most populous, most powerful and most important of the nations of Men in the Old World.[2d] The Empire was forged by the warrio

In the annals of history, few empires have left as indelible a mark as the Roman Empire. Its influence spanned continents, shaping cultures, governance, and

"Life's greatest joy is to scatter your enemies and drive them before you. To see their cities reduced to ashes. To see those who love them shrouded and in tears, and to then gather to your bosom their wives and daughters" - Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan (1162 - 1227) gathered…

The monument today is the crumbling remains of an imperious Mughal paradise waiting to be conserved

Senior Research Assistant Courtney A. Stewart highlights a selection of African Indian leaders who rose to the rank of nobility within the Deccan's multicultural society.

"He'd have to be one hell of a shot to get me from..." —Last words of Duke Reinhard of Carroburg[2a] Empire Outriders are the elite veteran warriors of an Imperial pistolkorps squadron, acting as both a drill-instructor and commander of a squadron of ill-experienced Empire Pistoliers. Unlike the flamboyishly young nobles of an Empire Pistolier company, Empire Outriders are rarely of noble birth, but rather are veterans elevated from the ranks of regular Imperial State Troop regiments, sergeants

The King Akbar The Great Of India Akbar (Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, 15 October 1542 – 1605) was the third Mughal Emperor. He was born in Umerkot, India. He was the son of Emperor Humayun. Akbar became the king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father died. Bairam Khan was appointed as Akbar's regent. Soon after coming to power Akbar defeated Hemu, the general of the Afghan forces, in the Second Battle of Panipat. After a few years he ended the regency of Bairam Khan and took charge of the kingdom. He offered friendship to the Rajputs. However, he fought against Rajputs who opposed him. In 1576 he defeated Rana Pratap of Mewar in the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar's wars made the Mughal empire more than twice as big as it had been, covering most of the Indian subcontinent except the south. Full Name: Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar Dynasty: Timurid; Mughal Predecessor: Humayun Successor: Jahangir Coronation: February 14, 1556 Reign: February 14, 1556 – October 27, 1605 Date of Birth: October 15, 1542 Parents: Humayun (Father) and Hamida Banu Begum (Mother) Religion: Islam (Sunni); Din-i-Ilahi Spouse: 36 chief wives and 3 chief consorts - Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Heera Kunwari and Salima Sultan Begum Children: Hassan, Hussain, Jahangir, Murad, Daniyal, Aram Banu Begum, Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, Khanum Sultan Begum. Biography: Akbarnama; Ain-i-Akbari Mausoleum: Sikandra, Agra Administration In 1574 Akbar revised his tax system, separating revenue collection from military administration. Each subah, or governor, was responsible for maintaining order in his region, while a separate tax collector collected property taxes and sent them to the capital. This created checks and balances in each region, since the individuals with the money had no troops, and the troops had no money, and all were dependent on the central government. The central government then doled out fixed salaries to both military and civilian personnel according to rank. Religion Akbar was religiously curious. He regularly participated in the festivals of other faiths, and in 1575 in Fatehpur Sikri—a walled city that Akbar had designed in the Persian style—he built a temple (ibadat-khana) where he frequently hosted scholars from other religions, including Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, yogis, and Muslims of other sects. He allowed the Jesuits to construct a church at Agra, and discouraged the slaughter of cattle out of respect for Hindu custom. Not everyone appreciated these forays into multiculturalism, however, and many called him a heretic. In 1579, a mazhar, or declaration, was issued that granted Akbar the authority to interpret religious law, superseding the authority of the mullahs. This became known as the “Infallibility Decree,” and it furthered Akbar’s ability to create an interreligious and multicultural state. In 1582 he established a new cult, the Din-i-Ilahi (“divine faith”), which combined elements of many religions, including Islam, Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. The faith centered around Akbar as a prophet or spiritual leader, but it did not procure many converts and died with Akbar. Akbar 35 wives Here is list of his 35 wives taken from jehangirnama and other official records. He had around 300 wives, secondary wives and concubines in total. Some of them may not be royals. He had 36 chief wives and 3 chief consorts that included the Empress of Mughal Empire Ruqaiah Sultan, the Empress of Hindustan Hira Kunwari(mother of Prince Salim) and Salima Sultan Princess Ruqaiah Sultan(1542-5th Feb 1626): Married at Ghazni in 1552, his cousin Ruqiya Sultan Begum Sahiba daughter of his paternal uncle, Shahzada Abu Nasir Muhammad Hindal Mirza. Hindal Mirza the youngest and favourite son of Babur and brother of emperor Humayun. She was the longest serving empress of mughal empire(49 years) and the youngest(13 years of age). She is buried in mughal gardens- Kabul next to her father Hindal Mirza and was born in the borders of Russia. She is one of the three chief Queens and main consort of Emperor Akbar and his chief advisor in political affairs. Abdullah Khan’s daughter(name not recorded): Married at Mankot, 1557, a daughter of Abdu’llah Khan Mughal (kinsman) Princess Salima Sultan( 23rdFebruary 1539- 27th December 1612): Married in September 1561 his cousin Salima Sultan widow of his Prime Minister/Commander in Chief Mughal army Nawab Bairam Khan Bahadur, Khan-i-Khanan, the Vice regent of the Empire. She was grand daughter of Emperor Babur and daughter of Princss Gulbarg and Khwaja Nur ud-din Muhammad Mirza [Sayyid Amir]. Salima Sultan was the daughter of Gulbarg Begum who was the daughter of emperor Babur. She was one of the three Chief Queens of Akbar and Empress of Mughal Empire and Akbar’s chief advisor in political affairs. She is buried in Mandakar Garden, agra Princess Hira Kunwari(Died in 19th May 1623):) Married at Sambhar, 6th February 1562, Wali Nimat, Mariam uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba. Rajkumari Hira Kunwari Sahiba, alias Harkha Bai was eldest daughter of Raja Bihari Mal, Raja of Amber. She is one of the three chief Queens and main consort of Emperor Akbar. She was mother of Prince Salim later emperor Jehangir. She is buried in Rauza Mariyam, Sikandara near agra. She was one of the three chief Queens and Queen mother of Mughal empire after Jehangir became emperor. Princess Shri Nathi Bai: Married at Nagaur in 1562,Princess Nathi Bai, daughter of Maharaja Hariraj Singh Dev Bahadur, Maharaja of Jaisalmer. She was one of the 36 chief Queens of Akbar. Bibi Daulat Shad: Married before 21st August 1563 Daulat Shad(secondary wife) the former wife of Abdu’l-Wasi. She was mother of Princess Shakrunissa Bano (1571) and Princess Aram Bano(1584). Princess of Kandesh: Married near Mandu in September 1564, a daughter of Miran Mubaraq Shah Faruqi II, King of Khandesh. She was one of 36 chief Queens of Akbar. Fadan Khan’s daughter: Married a daughter of Fadan Khan. Princess of Kashmir: Married in1569, a daughter of Sultan Muhammad Nasir ud-din Husain Shah [Hosaina Shaha] Ghazi, Sultan of Kashmir. Princess Sindh Begum Sahiba: Married in 1570,Sindh Begum Sahiba daughter of Mirza Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan of Thatta, Sind. Princess Raj Kunwari: Married at Nagaur, 16thNovember 1570, Baiji Lal Raj Kanwari Sahiba, daughter of Kunwar Shri Kanho of Bikaner, and niece of Rao Shri Kalyan Mal Rao of Bikaner. She was one of the 36 chief Queens of Akbar. Princess Baiji Lal Bhanumati Kanwari: Married at Nagaur, 16thNovember 1570, Baiji Lal Bhanumati Kanwari Sahiba, daughter of Kanwar Sri Bhim Rajji, of Bikaner. She was cousin of Princess Raj Kunwari. She was one of the 36 Chief Queens of Akbar. Nahar Das daughter: Married in 1572, a daughter of Nahar Das Isar Das. Princess of Nagaur: Married in 1573, a daughter of Raja Shri Jai Chand, of Nagaur Princess Karishma Banu Begum Sahiba: Married at Fatehpur Sikri, 1575,Karisma Banu Begum Sahiba, daughter of Arab Shah. Princess of Dungapur: Married in 1577, a daughter of Maharawal Shri Askaran Sahib Bahadur, Maharawal of Dungarpur. Princess Shri Rukmavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba: Married in 1581,Rajkumari Shri Rukmawati Baiji Lall Sahiba daughter of Rao Shri Mal Deoji, Rao of Marwar, by his paswan, Tipu. She was incharge of building gardens in many places across mughal empire especially agra and Delhi and was involved in building of shelters both in Akbar and Jehangir’s era. She was youngest sister of Phool Kunwari(Wife of Maharana Pratap and mother of his second son) and Mota Raja Udai Singh and her neice Rajkumari Jodha Bai was married to Prince Salim and mother of Prince Khurram aka Shah Jahan. She died in 30th May 1623 and buried in Bihishtabad Sikandara, Agra. She was one of the 36 chief Queens of Akbar. Princess of Merta: Married in 1581, a daughter of Raja Shri Kesho Das Rathore, of Merta Qazi Isa daughter: Married at Lahore, 1594, a daughter of Qazi Isa, of Qazwin Nasir Khan’s daughter: Married before 1597, a daughter of Nasir Khan Princess of Cooch Behar: Married in 1597, a daughter of Sri Sri Maharaja Lakshmi Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Raja of Cooch Behar Princess Gauhar Khanum: Married Gauhar Khanum, a sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakht Bahaduriyar Tara Begum Sahiba: MarriedTara Begum Sahiba, who built the Tara Bagh at Agra Tauti Begum Sahiba: MarriedTauti Begum Sahiba who built the Tota Bagh and Tota ka Tal in Agra. Hasan Khan’s daughter: Married a daughter of Hasan Khan of Merta. Princess of Nawanagar: Married a maternal niece of Jodhaji Soda, of Nawanagar. Princess Manbhaoti Sahiba: MarriedRajkumari Manbhaoti who built a garden at Agra. Abdar Begum: MarriedAbdar Begum Sahiba (a concubine) Achanka Begum: Married Achanak Begum(a concubine), who built the garden of Achanak Bagh, on the banks of the Jamuna river, at Agra. Bibi Pungrai: Married Bibi Pungrai(a cocubbine) Bibi Aram Baksh: Married Bibi Aram Bakhsh(a cocubbine) in 1563. She is believed to be mother of the twins Hassan and Hussein(as per Jehnagirnama) Bibi Salima: MarriedBibi Salima (a cocubbine) She was mother of Shezadi Khannum born a few days after Shezada Salim, who was brought up by Akbar’s mother Hamida Bano. She was buried at Lahore and died on 23rd May 1599 Bibi Kheira: Married Bibi Khiera(cocubbine) who diedd in 1599 and is buried in lahore. She is mother of Shezada Murad(As per jehangir nama) Bibi Mariyam: Married Bibi Mariam(cocubbine) She was mother of Shezada Daniyal and buried with him at Lahore. She died in 1596 and buried in Lahore(As per Akbarnama) Bibi Naun: MarriedBibi Naun (cocubbine) Shams Chak Daughter: Married at Srinagar, October 1592, a daughter of Shams Chak, of Kashmir Emperor Akbar married 12 Rajput princesses in total in 1592 Wife from royal family if called Shehzadi/Rajkumari or father is Shezada/Raja. Else they are not from royal background. Some of these women may be cocubines(maid servants) Note: With Akbar its difficult to find if they were wives or cocubbines because Akbar’s wife were classified as Chief Wifes, Secondary Wifes and Cocubbines as he had many wives Royal wifes were also secondary wifes Cocubbines are usually not from royal or nobel backgrounds The royal mughal princess and mughal nobels daughters and few Rajputh princesses(from powerful Rajputh families like marwar, amer etc) were designated as high ranking wives. 36 wife’s were chief wife’s of emperor Akbar(not all listed here) and the three chief consorts were Ruqaiah, Salima and Hira Kunwari.

Mughal war elephants - undated.

Foreign intervention and technocratic governance: these are very contemporary issues, and ones with which liberals wrestle as much as reactionaries. Liberals may despise empire nostalgia, but many promote arguments about intervention and governance that have their roots in an imperial worldview. We should not imagine that apologists for empire are simply living in the past. They seek, rather, to rewrite the past as a way of shaping current debates. That makes it even more important that their ideas and arguments are challenged openly and robustly.