Pathological demand avoidance is part of the autism spectrum.Parents must learn the right strategies for reducing avoidance behaviors and anxiety in PDA ...

There is increasing awareness around PDA (pathological demand avoidance), a subtype of autism. However PDA is sometimes conflated with Demand avoidance which is a normative human trait. Complicating matters Autistic demand avoidance is quite common. Demand avoidance is common among neurodivergent

An in-depth look at what Pathological Demand Avoidance is, its characteristics, avoidance techniques, and how it manifests in children.

Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is a profile within the autism spectrum characterized by the avoidance of demands and expectations of others, or even of oneself. Pathological demand avoidance is typically rooted in an intense experience of anxiety and the need to preserve personal autonomy.

When parenting children with autism, it is essential for parents and carers to understand all behavior is a form of communication. When that behaviour challenges parents and carers it is most often the environment, which includes the people within it, which triggers anxiety and the Fight or Flight response. Learning to understand your child and […]

Learn about the PDA PANDA support strategies for the Pathological Demand Avoidance profile of Autism along with real-life examples of how to use them with a PDA child.

Pathological demand avoidance is part of the autism spectrum.Parents must learn the right strategies for reducing avoidance behaviors and anxiety in PDA ...

Pathological Demand Avoidance of PDA is becoming more widely recognized as a distinct profile of autism. British psychologist Elizabeth Newson came up with this term which describes an anxiety-driven need to be in control and avoid other people’s demands and expectations. Research done at the University of Newcastle in November 2016 found that Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) was also associated…

When a child with autism goes to extreme measures to avoid simple requests, it might be a sign of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). In this article, we discuss the definition of PDA and how to deal with this challenging behavior.

Special occasions, celebrations and holidays can be overwhelming for autistic people, so we've put together some general suggestions of helpful approaches for PDA families & individuals which can also be shared with wider family & friends …

What is Pathological Demand Avoidance and how does it relate to other conditions?

PDA isn't an official condition but those with ADHD may experience symptoms associated with PDA.

Ways to help children with PDA at home and in school

Pathological demand avoidance is part of the autism spectrum.Parents must learn the right strategies for reducing avoidance behaviors and anxiety in PDA ...

Examples of the difference between Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), an autism spectrum condition, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Pathological demand avoidance is part of the autism spectrum.Parents must learn the right strategies for reducing avoidance behaviors and anxiety in PDA ...

There is increasing awareness around PDA (pathological demand avoidance), a subtype of autism. However PDA is sometimes conflated with Demand avoidance which is a normative human trait. Complicating matters Autistic demand avoidance is quite common. Demand avoidance is common among neurodivergent

Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a behavioral pattern observed in children and adults who exhibit extreme resistance to everyday demands, illustrating the complexity of autism and its spectrum. It manifests in individuals diagnosed with autism. Although people have questioned whether it can be diagnosed in those beyond the spectrum, many PDAers can be ‘high masking’, hiding their autistic traits. This extreme fight against ordinary requests can take various forms, from procrastination to more intense

This test includes questions relating to PDA and Autism and can be used to help people better determine whether the profile of PDA and Autism relate to them. This test was developed for adults but …

Food, essential to life. However, when you are dealing with food and pathological demand avoidance, there are other factors that need careful consideration.

I have reviewed a couple of books on Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) since I started this blog, but this time I decided to do it a little differently. I usually write from the viewpoint of the adult, when discussing these resources, but I forget to really get the insider’s view. So this time I decided […]

Discover the complex connection between ADHD, Autism, and pathological demand avoidance (PDA). Learn practical strategies and get expert advice for better behavioral management.

Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is a profile within the autism spectrum characterized by the avoidance of demands and expectations of others, or even of oneself. Pathological demand avoidance is typically rooted in an intense experience of anxiety and the need to preserve personal autonomy.

Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, or more accurately, Pervasive Drive for Autonomy. Are you homeschooling a PDA child? Here are some tips!

Helpful approaches to use at home and school to help support those with the type of autism called Pathological Demand Avoidance PDA

Pathological Demand Avoidance of PDA is becoming more widely recognized as a distinct profile of autism. British psychologist Elizabeth Newson came up with this term which describes an anxiety-driven need to be in control and avoid other people’s demands and expectations. Research done at the University of Newcastle in November 2016 found that Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) was also associated…

Looking for ways to tackle Failure to Launch Syndrome and Pathological Demand Avoidance? Dr. Roseann's blog offers practical advice and expert insights to help your child thrive. Start their transformation today.

Pathological demand avoidance is part of the autism spectrum.Parents must learn the right strategies for reducing avoidance behaviors and anxiety in PDA ...

I've come across much confusion about what PDA avoidance is, with people assuming it's any avoidance experienced by autistic people. The assumption is often accompanied by spitting outrage at PDA's classification as an autism spectrum subtype. Autism, it is cried, should not be divided into subtypes. It's all one, homogenous thing, and subtypes are not just misleading, but destructively divisive. Assumed functioning abilty (e.g., "high functioning autism" and "mildly autistic") is all about how others experience autistic people, and not about our inner experience. Further, our ability to function may vary. In this light, I can see where confusion about PDA comes from. PDA stands for "pathological demand avoidance", and is both the name of our neurotype (a distinct neurological difference), and a description of one of its traits (confusing already!) On top of this, PDA is classed as an autism spectrum condition. This can lead people to assume: autism + avoidance + the negative adjective "pathological" = PDA How dare theorists who aren't autistic brand autistic avoidance "pathological"?! Collins Dictionary defines pathological as: 1. adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] You describe a person or their behaviour as pathological when they behave in an extreme and unacceptable way, and have very powerful feelings which they cannot control. He experiences chronic, almost pathological jealousy. He's a pathological liar. ...a pathological fear of snakes. 2. adjective Pathological means relating to pathology or illness. [medicine] ...pathological conditions in animals. OK... so I think this is the root of the spitting anger members of the autistic community have against the concept of PDA as an autism spectrum subtype. And, if this was truly what PDA is (autism + avoidance + the loaded adjective "pathological") then I'd be in 100% agreement that PDA does not merit classification as an autism spectrum subtype, and that suggesting it does is insulting to autistic people. I mean, who wants to have their avoidance labelled pathological? Now comes a possibly shocking revelation: I, and the majority of the PDAers I've spoken with, embrace the term "pathological" for 100% describing the nature of our PDA-style avoidance. But you can't want to have your rational avoidance labelled "pathological"! I hear some of you cry. My answer is, no, we do not want our rational responses labelled pathological, but PDA avoidance is not rational (I'll come back to this). It's been suggested that PDA avoidance is caused by autistic inertia (difficulty switching tasks), learned anxiety, trauma, sensory overload, and/or executive dysfunction (causing difficulties with remembering to start tasks, and maintaining focus on mundane activities). However, as someone who identifies as being PDA, while all these factors may indeed cause PDAers to avoid things, none describe specific PDA-style avoidance. PDA avoidance is something completely different: a very distinct "monster". PDA avoidance is not autistic inertia. It is not learned anxiety. It is not caused by stress or trauma, and it is not a response to overload. And while all these things can paralyse us and make us additionally avoidant, they do not account for our innate "pathological demand avoidance". How PDA avoidance is irrational PDA-style avoidance is a force within all PDAers that says "no" to anything and everything, including things we'd enjoy, and things which would benefit us. It is with us 24/7 like a grumpy goblin sitting in our brains irrationally pulling our strings, like we're its puppet, to avoid every single thing we're presented with. PDA-style avoidance blocks us from fetching a drink when we're very thirsty and the drink we need to quench our thirst is easy to reach. It tells us that reaching that drink and consuming it must be avoided because it's a threat we must avoid. PDA avoidance makes us panic if we're invited to go to a place we've been longing to visit. It tells us the invitation is sinister, and sneakily operates our emotions to believe that bullshit. PDA-style avoidance is not learned. It's evident in tiny babies who resist every day "demands" such as feeding, or engaging with parents. PDA-style avoidance appears to be very much a genetic thing. It crops up frequently in families with a PDA history, and in family backgrounds in which children are well-nurtured. History of autism spectrum clasification So if PDA is not simply autism + demand avoidance, how can it be an autism spectrum condition? The answer is found through examining what the autism spectrum actually is: namely a concept entirely invented by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 2013 when they published their 5th edition (more commonly known as the DSM-5), a diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association. That's it. There's no magical universal truth to the concept of the autism spectrum. Further, for the benefit of autistic people objecting to the concept of PDA because it's a definition invented by non-autistic people: well, so is the entire autism spectrum(!) Prior to the DSM-5's 2013 publication, there were separate classifications for autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder (which was classed as having "less severe symptoms"). A third category, clumsily named "pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified" aka PDD-NOS, encompassed developmental conditions impacting social interaction, communication and "imaginative activity and a limited number of interests and activities that tend to be repetitive." [reference] Edit for clarification following feedback: prior to the DSM-5, PDD-NOS was termed “Atypical Autism” by the ICD (World Health Organisation International Classification of Diseases). And, according to Phil Christie, who had worked alongside Elizabeth Newson who first identified PDA in the 1980s, "Many children with PDA might have fitted those descriptions. By 2011 clinicians were using the umbrella term 'Autism Spectrum Disorder' instead of Pervasive Developmental Disorder ... This reflects the shift in thinking today that PDA is best understood as part of the autism spectrum or one of the autism spectrum conditions." [reference] "Autism spectrum disorder" was officially introduced by the DSM-5 in 2013, replacing autism disorder Asperger's disorder and PDD-NOS into this new umbrella category: behold the birth of the autism spectrum! Many members of the autistic community were delighted that the distinction between autism and Asperger's had been removed. As discussed at the beginning of this article, categorising autism according to apparent functioning ability was and is seen as unnecessarily divisive. All autism is the same and functioning labels should not be used. The whammy hitting the PDA neurotype, however, is that some autistic people are now assuming that PDA (which the DSM-5 also classes as an autism spectrum condition) is yet another unnecessary functioning label which should be removed because it's all just autism... So here comes the big point: while I personally agree that categorising autism by functioning ability is neither needed nor helpful; the DSM-5's classification of PDA as an autism spectrum condition does not make it the same as the conditions previously classed as "autism disorder" and "Asperger's disorder". PDA is not a functioning label. Its arbitrary classification as an autism spectrum condition by neurotypical pen-pushers has not transformed it into "the same as all autism". I mean, I can see where people are coming from when they angrily shout that autism should not be divided into subtypes, but this is the thing, the invented "autism spectrum" has perhaps been constructed misleadingly broad. While "Asperger's" and "autism disorder", to my mind, 100% should have been reclassified into one, homogenous condition; PDA's inclusion here generates massive confusion. So let's put this straight: PDA is only classed as "autism" (full, current classification invented by neurotypicals = an autism spectrum condition) because of the DSM-5. This does not mean PDA is the same as other conditions under the autism spectrum umbrella. These may very well be one and the same beast, but PDA remains distinct. And our PDA avoidance is not something everyone under the autism spectrum umbrella can experience. It's unique to PDA. I'm not trying to be elitist here. Believe me, our PDA avoidance isn't a fluffy prize anyone else would covet if they truly understood its nature. Neither am I being self-pitying: my PDA avoidance is what it is (like my eye colour). What I am though being is assertive: PDA-style avoidance is unique to PDA. Please, fellow autistic people who are not PDA, stop trying to claim PDA as yours. It's not.

A variety of books offering more information on the Pathological Demand Avoidance profile of autism

Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), sometimes called "Persistent Drive for Autonomy," is a behavior profile on the autism spectrum. While many autistic people avoid demands from time to time, people with PDA do so much more frequently and...

Statements that bypass demand avoidance Hiw different types of demand trigger me PDA filter Sense of demand? Need to be free from constraints Demand Avoidance doesn't go away Demand avoidance agaisnt advice Demand avoidance triggers Resistance to advice Lack of control = demand Choice, attachment, control Understanding how demand avoidance works Anxiety driven need for control? Aspirations and demand avoidance Stuff and demand avoidance Limits and demand avoidance Confiding and demand avoidance I rock (depite demand avoidance) Swearing at demands) Demand avoidance tap Demand avoidance creating anxiety (not the other way round) Anxiety caused by disregarding demand avoidance? Waiting is a demand Art and demand avoidance Broken routine and demand avoidance Demand avoidance and books Demand avoidance and dieting/budgeting Invisible demand avoidance Avoiding little things, like getting a fork PDAers resist Demand avoidance and strength Demand avoidance battle pain Battling demand avoidance Demand avoidance is like breathing Demand avoidance and complex/simple tasks Coping with busy-ness Creative demand avoidance Being immediate and demand avoidance Immediate emails and demand avoidance Housework: cutting corners Expert corner cutter Efficiency and demand avoidance Battling demand avoidance self-observation Types of demand Wages as a demand Types of demand Some strategies Inverted demand avoidance Did you know...? Feather light, invisible demand avoidance Natural anarchist Demand avoidance as a damp floor cloth Forcing demands Work and demands (gothy girl) Can't talk me out of demand avoidance Message alerts and demand avoidance Hidden demand avoidance Hidden workplace and school demands Housework and demand avoidance Importance and demand avoidance Autopilot and demand avoidance Demand avoidance like same pole magnets Interference demand avoidance Irony of control-seeking and demand avoidance Can't remove crisp packet (demand avoidance) Just don't do it Just no How my demand avoidance is rationalised Life without pathological demand avoidance Facebook like & share and demand avoidance Limits and demand avoidance Little demands Meme writing and demand avoidance Demand avoidance mountains Music as a demand Demand avoidance and obstacles Emotions triggered by demand avoidance Demand avoidance triggers Tasks, tasklets and demand avoidance Phones and demand avoidance Postponing and demand avoidance Idleness and demand avoidance Power and demand avoidance Pushing demand avoidance Please and demand avoidance Rationalising demand avoidance Demand avoidance is like a spell Stuff and demand avoidance Not doing stuff Surfing excuses Tell me and I'll avoid Preaching is a demand Room tidying and demand avoidance Demand avoidance tracks Liking TV show and demand avoidance Types of demand that trigger me Wake up and think, "no" Wanting to work and demand avoidance Excessive website clicks and demand avoidance Strength and demand avoidance Demand avoidance kicking in If you tell me I'm wrong and demand avoidance

What is pathological demand avoidance or PDA? Find out along with getting 5 PANDA strategies to support pathological demand avoidance.

What is the low demand approach for PDA and why is it increasingly being implemented by Parents of PDA children?

Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is a profile within the autism spectrum characterized by the avoidance of demands and expectations of others, or even of oneself. Pathological demand avoidance is typically rooted in an intense experience of anxiety and the need to preserve personal autonomy.

Pathological demand avoidance is part of the autism spectrum.Parents must learn the right strategies for reducing avoidance behaviors and anxiety in PDA ...

This blog article is also available as an animated video: click here to view it PDA research & writing has focused on externalised, freely-expressed presentations of PDA. However, internalised PDA is often completely missed because our meltdowns are concealed and demands tend to be avoided subtly, and we slip below the radar. We internalisers though are not "less" PDA. Just like an iceberg isn’t smaller than a same-sized lump of ice on dry land: the iceberg merely looks smaller because the majority of its body is hidden from view under the water. Internalising PDAers’ driving forces are just as strong as those that drive externalising PDAers, and can lead to self-harm, dropping out of school & employment, and even suicidal ideation. I believe that internalised PDA needs to be brought into the radar. As we’re so good at concealing our traits, it takes internalisers like me to signpost people to our quieter, less accessible half of the little-explored PDA continent. The only PDA maps easily available were drawn by non-PDAers and have sketchy details and guessed content saying things like “here be dragons”. But, as an inhabitant of the PDA continent whose been doing a lot of exploring and getting to know my neighbours, I’ve been putting together a much more detailed and accurate map, which I’m happy to share with you during today’s tour. So please step this way for your guided tour of our PDA continent, in which we’ll spend most of our time in the part we internalisers inhabit. Your tour will include: What PDA actually is Internalised meltdowns Forms of masking Situational (aka "selective") mutism 'Spare play’ (children feigning playground sociability) Fight versus Fawn, and other adrenaline responses How to support internalising PDAers What PDA actually is We’ll start our tour by looking at what PDA actually is. As we’ve seen, outside appearance is just the tip of the iceberg for PDA. Understanding of PDA is still very much in its infancy. There is no definite knowledge about it. But there are a few core traits that most people, including actual PDAers, agree with. To understand what these core traits are, it might be helpful to have a fly over of the PDA continent. Here you can see it from space. As you can see, much of the PDA continent is deeply forested. We can’t easily see what lies beneath the forest, but there are clear areas that are easier to make sense of. Let’s have a look: The Great Quicksand of Demand Avoidance covers quite a huge area. This sand is extremely sticky. If caught in it, it holds you fast so you’re trapped, and it’s very, very hard to move at all. The Icy Cliffs of Anxiety form a fearsome obstacle. To get past them, people must follow a path along a narrow, slippery ledge at the top of a precipice with a drop of a thousand meters onto jagged ice splinters. Howling winds make it even harder to stay balanced. People have been known to totally freeze here, unable to move at all. The Precarious Boulders of Control-Need are an unusual geographical feature. The boulders are balanced very precariously on the pillars of rock that support them. It won’t take much at all for them to become dislodged so they crash down onto the ground. the Volcanic Ridge of Fiery Emotions are an extremely volatile place! Great big bursts of strong emotion can erupt at any moment without warning. The Misty Margins of Fantasy and Role-Play are shrouded in mist, so it’s hard to make anything out clearly. People here might be one thing, or they might be another. They can switch who they are as if by magic. The Village of Social-Focus has lots of residents, but there are high walls separating residencies. Even though PDAers are interested in other people, we still have a high need for privacy and personal space The Temple of People Obsession isn't visited by all PDAers (we don’t all develop obsessions about people) but many do. These obsessions can be all-consuming and really hard to break out of. So now we’ve toured the easy-to-spot features of the PDA continent, but we have not yet seen what’s hidden within the deep jungle. Flying overhead won’t give us any clues. We need to get down to the ground level if we want to find out what’s hidden here. This is the realm of internalised PDA. So, I’m inviting you now to come with me into the dark, uncharted forest. Are you ready? Welcome to the little-known realm of internalised PDA. Very few outsiders have ever been here. But fear not, I’ll guide you, even though the geography is very hidden. Masking When PDAers who generally externalise mask, they are internalising, because masking is totally about concealing our inner emotions and thoughts. Many people think of masking as an unhealthy thing which autistic people are forced to do by neurotypicals (people with "normal" brains). While this, sadly, does happen, not all masking is like this. Some masking is actually instinctive. It’s well-known to science that rabbits and other prey animals mask illness and vulnerability so they don’t look like easy targets to predators. Masking can also be used to help us communicate successfully. If, for example, we’re in a party or maybe a job interview, it’s quite normal to adopt a mask of expressions and mannerisms that we know from experience are likely to go down well. This is not because anyone’s forced us to suppress our natural selves, but because we’re not sure of the “language” the person we’re talking to uses. Many PDAers identify both with instinctive masking and using masking as a communication tool. We feel confused when autistic people talk about “dropping their masks” because doing that feels neither possible nor desirable. It’s a confusing area, but I can tell you right now that the masking I carry out nearly always feels jumped on me, and very rarely like something I’ve thought about doing, or had a choice with. It feels natural and automatic. Internalised meltdowns Our internalised meltdowns can totally confuse people because they don’t look anything like what people think meltdowns are. Most people think of meltdowns as very, very obvious things that can’t be missed because meltdowning people are out of control, loud and probably violent. But meltdowns can be pulled inside – internalised – so they’re not obvious to observers. Internalised meltdowns are, I think, the defining, key feature of internalised PDA. So what do they look like from the outside? Well… nowhere near as flashy or as explosive as externalised ones which have no holds barred. Internalised meltdowns have the same amount of discharging, aggressive energy, but it’s choked inside (like a swallowed firework) and can express itself as a barrage of awkward, mean accusations. Or as an irrational, difficult mood where everything’s argued with. We might start punching our own head. Or, even, quietly cut ourself with a knife, or pull our hair out in clumps when no one’s watching. So, and here’s a big point, while internalised meltdowns might not trouble observers, they do cause huge trouble and pain for the people who experience them. They can cause us to alienate the people closest to us, because we’ve gone into “bitch mode” and said horrible, nasty things for no apparent reason. And they can cause us to subject our own bodies to physical harm. When I go into meltdown it’s truly horrible. I absolutely hate it. Every second. It’s like a demon has possessed me. I’m completely out of control. I witness myself with shocked horror as I fire a barrage of cold, heartless, mean words at someone I love. I hate myself for saying all these words that I know will hurt them. I cringe inside. But I can’t shut up. I can’t stop myself from saying all these nasty, nasty words that I’ve dredged up to inflict maximum emotional damage. It honestly feels like I’ve been possessed by a devil whose gained access to all my memories and every dirty piece of knowledge that could hurt the person it’s chosen to attack: the beloved person my mouth is spewing spite at. I blame myself for every cruel slur I fire at them. My ego deflates with my shame. How can I be so horrible? What’s wrong with me? This question, “What’s wrong with me?” plagued my life until I discovered my neurodivergence after decades of trying to figure out why I couldn’t just get along in the world or with other people, even though I’d tried. Not knowing what was “wrong with me” caused constant, major depression, substance abuse and zero self-esteem. Why did workplaces trigger me to flee within minutes so I couldn’t earn an income to live on? Why couldn’t I will myself to keep my home clean? Why did I avoid all aspects of personal hygiene (for example, every damned stroke of my hair brush) even though I wanted to be well-groomed and clean? Why did I keep getting overwhelming crushes on men so I couldn’t stop thinking about them and drove myself crazy, but when decent people came into my life, I tended to panic and flee as fast from them as I did from jobs. What was wrong with me? Why was I incapable of enjoying the company of anyone, bar a very, very small number of people, and why couldn’t I make new friendships as easily as everyone else seemed to? I recently watched a TV program where a doctor said that loneliness is as bad for health as smoking fifteen cigarettes a day. Considerably more than fifteen a day, I thought, if loneliness compels you to chain smoke! “Don’t be proud,” he said, “just go out there and find companionship.” Umm, well, if it was that easy, I’d not have spent so much of my life depressed and desperately lonely! I can’t just make friends. It’s like I’ve got a force-field of fear and self-doubt preventing me from relaxing with people that I don’t know well. On top of this, I’ve spent my life saying things and behaving in ways that turned out to have insulted people and/or weirded them out. My sense of humour – which can be very dark – confused them or made them uncomfortable. I failed to read social signals of “welcome" or “go away”. Compounding matters even more, I have something called “rejection sensitive dysphoria” (let’s call it RSD) that makes me hyper, hyper sensitive to any imagined rejection, so it feels that every, single person in the world hates me, and this feels awful beyond words. Now add to this my over-sharing naiveness, and I was an easy target for bullies at school. I was like a fish out of water. And miserable. School was total hell. The other children shunned me and I didn’t know why. But it hurt. Deeply. As you’ve maybe picked up, there are some pretty dark corners in the internalised realms of the PDA continent! Spare Play ‘Spare games’ was a term coined by a nine-year-old girl who speech and language therapist Libby Hill once had as a client. It means skipping about in the school playground so it looks like you’re playing with the other kids. But you’re not really interacting with them at all. Libby says she’s since met many other PDA and general autistic children who do this. Our daughter’s SENco witnessed her spare gaming aged 5, and then still doing it last year (she may well still be doing it now) I spare gamed too. I had energy to play, but no one to play with because I couldn’t connect with my peers. I’d switch into my latest immersive daydream scenario – one involved me living in a wooden hut in a forest with tame fawns – and skip around acting it out. From things my daughter told me after school, coupled with what the SENco told us, it seems she’d been acting out her own daydream of getting up to outrageous mischief with her classmates. The reality has been that she’s been mute in school and scarce interacted with her classmates at all. Her teachers and SENco have been supportive and encouraged other kids to invite her to play, but she told us they annoy her and she prefers to be alone. Libby Hill told me that some of her young, spare gaming clients have said they’ve preferred to play solo, but others had wished they actually could play with their classmates. This was the case for me. I just lacked the ability to bond with them. I hated feeling like a social failing misfit. It was depressing and my self-esteem plummeted. Now, the important thing I think people need to know about spare play is that many teachers, SENcos and visiting assessors don’t know to look out for it. They see the child in the question appearing to be playing actively with their peers and assume they’re getting along just fine and have no social issues. The trick is to keep on watching the child. If they’re spare playing, it soon becomes clear that they’re not interacting with their peers at all. Selective mutism Let’s now take a peek at situational (aka "selective") mutism. Selective mutism (which some neurodivergent people prefer to be termed "situational mutism") means being very quiet in some situations, e.g., in school, but not in others. We’ve already seen that my daughter, Millie, is like this. While she has scarce ever spoken in school, she’s loud, lively and talkative at home with us. I relate to how she feels because selective mutism has majorly impacted me too. I didn’t know it had a technical name until I watched a PDA Summit webinar by Libby Hill a couple of years ago and I realised what I’d thought of as ‘my fear wall’ is selective mutism. It’s so great when I can connect my lived experience to known theories (the wiring of my brain has been an ongoing tangle to unravel!) Google tells me selective mutism is caused by extreme anxiety, and I can totally attest to this from my personal experience. It’s horrendous! It feels like an impenetrable column of ice has engulfed me so I can’t speak to people even though I want to. No matter how much I’ve wished to speak freely and connect with others, this ‘fear wall’ has been unbreakable. I never chose to have it, and didn’t know how to make it go away. As an adult, often lonely, I sometimes decided to take positive action and just go out and connect with people. I’d choose people I thought I’d likely be able to relax with, and sit down with them, making all the right moves, but that dratted wall of icy anxiety would spring up to paralyse me. It was a curse! So, we’ve seen what selective mutism feels like, but what does it look like to observers? The NHS’s webpage on selective mutism says: Selective mutism usually starts in early childhood, between age 2 and 4. It's often first noticed when the child starts to interact with people outside their family, such as when they begin nursery or school. The main warning sign is the marked contrast in the child's ability to engage with different people, characterised by a sudden stillness and frozen facial expression when they're expected to talk to someone who's outside their comfort zone. This totally fits how it went for Millie. When I started taking her to playgroup when she was a year old, she ignored the other toddlers. She reached past them for toys as if they were invisible. I remember the playgroup organisers filling an inflatable paddling pool up one afternoon and encouraging us parents to strip our little ones down to their nappies and sit them in it. Millie sat there rigidly showing no awareness of the three other toddlers crammed in around her. Her expression and posture was rigid, almost like she was made of stone. I’d come to suspect my own autism just after Millie’s 2nd birthday when I came across a female autism traits list on Facebook. The trait that most grabbed my attention was masking & social mimicry (we’ll come back to this). I sought and gained my autism diagnosis a bit later that year, and then began to notice signs of autism in Millie. The playgroup organisers hadn’t heard of female pattern or masked autism, and told me that Millie was just shy. She was fine, they said. But I didn’t think she was “just fine”. She clearly wasn’t happy at all. I could sense her anxiety like a silent car alarm blasting in my brain. She started nursery and was rigidly silent there too. Both the nursery manager and a senior health visitor dismissed my belief that Millie was autistic. The senior health visitor said she knew all about autism and Millie’s notes showed no sign of it at all. And she’s had this exact same rigid expression in every photo snapped of her in school. From foundation, right up to year 5, her teachers have produced learning journal books and display boards showing Millie and other children going about their activities. The wooden rigidity of Millie’s expression has patently been obvious in in every photo. Thankfully my GP and the local autism assessment centre had seen the merit of my concerns and Millie gained her own autism diagnosis just after her 4th birthday. This has meant that her school SENcos and teachers have better listened to my concerns about Millie’s veiled anxiety. They have supported her as best they can (as we’ve seen, she’s resisted playing with her classmates even when supported to do so). She’s starting secondary school in September. I really hope she’ll be OK there. Masking revisited Something I think it’s worth bearing in mind is that situational/selective mutism creates a type of ‘masking’ because it paralyses us so we can’t freely express ourselves. We can’t smile or swing our arms around to show enthusiasm. We can’t communicate unhappiness either. Or fear. Or anger. Or anything at all. Everything we feel is masked by the ice that’s engulfed us. Millie has told me that she doesn’t want to stand out as in anyway different from her classmates. She doesn’t want special treatment. She even gets anxious if she scores well in a test. It upsets her. She wants to get average scores. So we’ve seen two or three types of masking which we PDAers may experience: Rabbit-style hiding of vulnerability; which may be the same as... Situational/selective mutism (which freezes us so we can’t express any feelings at all) Masking that enables us to communicate when we couldn’t have done so otherwise. Neither of these masking-types are what autistic people are referring to when they talk about "dropping their masks". I think this really important for people to realise (hence my revisiting the topic). Internalised PDA: what we’ve seen so far So what we’ve so far seen in this tour of the internalised part of the PDA continent is: Masking Internalised meltdowns Spare play Selective mutism I should clarify that not all internalising PDAers do all four things. Some might be selectively mute, but have externalised meltdowns. Others might internalise their meltdowns, but talk freely in school and play with their peers. However, every one of these traits causes our feelings, thoughts and desires to be hidden from view. In other words, internalised. Adrenaline responses We’ll now have a look at adrenaline responses. Most people are, I think, familiar with the ‘fight/flight/freeze’ trio of adrenaline responses, but there are a few lesser-known ones we’ll be taking a peek at too. We’ve seen that externalising PDAers don’t filter their meltdowns so they burst out as obvious explosions of stressed emotion. And also we’ve seen that we internalisers swallow meltdowns inside, maybe kind of like throwing a heavy blanket over a grenade to contain its explosion. The same difference between externalising and internalising holds true for people’s adrenaline responses. Animals developed adrenaline responses right back in the dawn of time to protect themselves from threats, and we humans inherited these hard-wired protection responses. PDAers have naturally high anxiety which makes us super-prone to our adrenaline responses being triggered. But the way adrenaline causes us to automatically react may seem peculiar, especially if: What we perceive as a threat isn’t obvious to observers (for example, feeling trapped by a demand) Our adrenaline reaction is internalised so it comes out, perhaps, as fainting, being eager to please, telling blatant lies or even clowning around. As I said, most people have heard of the ‘fight/flight/freeze’ trio. Fight and flight are what’s known as primary defence mechanisms for dealing with threats. Maybe think of a momma bear fighting to protect her cubs, and a deer fleeing from a wolf: natural instinctive reactions to deal with threats. Freeze is fight or flight put on hold. Think of a rabbit caught in headlights. A fourth adrenaline response is flop. Flop is a secondary defence mechanism where an animal, or human, becomes immobile, or even faints, after the predator catches them. Although flop can look like freeze, it only happens after the animal’s been cornered so fight and flight are no longer options. When an animal (or person) freezes like this after being trapped, it’s termed ‘tonic immobility’. If they faint, or play dead like a possum, it’s termed ‘collapsed immobility’. This could maybe account for selective mutism: we go rigid because we can’t fight or flee. The flop response is known to be common for people who’ve been sexually abused so they were trapped and couldn’t fight or flee. A fifth adrenaline response is fawn. When animals do this, it’s termed “submissive behaviour”. Think maybe of a dog bending down submissively so a bigger dog doesn’t attack it. When people fawn, they try to please others at the expense of their own self-care. The final two adrenaline responses I’m going to talk about are unusual because they’re not known in the animal kingdom. They seem to have developed out of the complexity of pressure and opportunity human society has created. Their ‘F’ names are fib and funster. OK, so now we come to funster. The funster adrenaline response isn’t very well-documented, but I think many people listening here today will identify with PDA children flipping into a manic, hysterical clown-mode when they’re with people they don’t feel relaxed with. When we went out for meals with people Millie didn’t know well, she used to crawl under the table, giggling, and undo their shoelaces. She’d not, though, be able to look them in the eye or sit relaxed where they could see her. This was her funster mode. I relate to having gone into funster too. It’s a panicked clown state I’ve flipped into when I’ve felt trapped in social interaction situations where I’ve felt major panic about what I’m supposed to say and do. How I am supposed to behave? I think there’s a demand avoidance issue going on too: the demand to behave *correctly* has often tipped me into behaving incorrectly, and my giggling, silly funster response has been a way of dealing with the pressure. OK, so here we are now at the final adrenaline response with is fib. An article on an online ADHD website called ADDitude Magazine explains "With complex and advanced language (not available to our primitive ancestors), we have the ability to verbalize both factual and/or fictitious reasoning instantaneously at point of performance, most notably in times of stress and threat.” I used to fib like crazy as a child when cornered. My driving emotion was total panic. I’ve witnessed Millie going into fib-mode too and intuitively understood it was anxiety-rooted. I knew she felt cornered. Telling her off for fibbing would have just made her panic more. So, just like flop, fib is maybe a secondary defence mechanism that people go into if caught and trapped. PDA Society once told me that many of their enquiry line calls are from parents seeking to understand why their PDA kids lie so much. My very strong hunch is that it’s because of triggered adrenaline, and, as we’ve seen, we PDAers are especially prone to our adrenaline being triggered.

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Facebook Instagram YouTube Pinterest Medium Click Here to Book a Session! A Toddler's Pervasive Drive for Autonomy: From the Perspective of Lived Experience The Watcher As an infant, I was described as passive. Meaning, I was a "watcher." I would stare at people with my "big" eyes. My mother even says I would stare at

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